Urban parks have numerous advantages and have been identified as a unique source of community resilience throughout protracted pandemic lockdowns and quarantine. The pandemic-related issues, including stay-at-home orders, lockdowns, and long-term quarantine, pose a global public health concern. It undoubtedly causes tremendous negative impacts on human health. It is believed that safe, healthy, and supportive environments are needed to maintain good human physical and psychological health. The research aims to investigate the role of urban parks as the mechanism for the physical and psychological health impacts of the pandemic crises. This research is exploratory research that employs a mixed-method approach. A survey questionnaire and Focus Group Discussion (FGD) are used for data collection. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) software is utilised to help with the descriptive statistical analysis of the questionnaire survey data. In contrast, content analysis is used to analyse the data collected from the focus group discussion (FGD). The result shows that a natural environment has benefited one's overall physical and psychological health. The research suggests that environment and greenery are best practices to improve human health, especially during pandemic crises. The research findings show that urban parks can be designed to accommodate a safe space for physical activity and psychological health support. The necessity for urban people to have an open space to meet their fundamental physical and psychological needs is significant to improve their overall health. A more substantial plan must be implemented to develop a more accessible open green area. The available vacant spaces in the cities should be fully utilised by transforming them into multi-used urban parks with better connectivity and accessibility. A preventative measure of urban parks as the mechanism for physical and psychological health impact during pandemic crises is formed based on the survey questionnaire and FGD findings. The built environment professionals, such as architects, urban planners, and landscape architects, can use preventative measures to create evidence-based designs for public spaces that prioritise public health and well-being. It leads to the development of design specifications incorporating features and elements that promote physical and psychological health in urban parks, creating more health-conscious public spaces. As the research is conducted in the context of a pandemic, it can provide insights into pandemic-resilient design.

The increasing volume of sewage sludge produced and the total managing cost every year has been one of the major environmental issues in Malaysia. Bioconversion of sewage treatment plant (STP) sludge by liquid state bioconversion (LSB) is proposed to solve these problems through the recovery of products such as lignin peroxidase (LiP) enzyme. A lab-scale study was carried out to produce LiP enzyme by white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium using STP sludge as a major substrate. The experiments were conducted in two liter stirred tank reactor (STR). The optimization of aeration and agitation rates was done using full-factorial design (FFD). Using the statistical analysis, the optimum aeration and agitation rates determined were 2.0 vvm and 200 rpm respectively with maximum production of 225 UL-1 in 3 days of fermentation. The validation experiment showed that the maximum lignin peroxidase was 744 UL-1 in five day of fermentation. This enzyme activity was stable at pH 5.0 and temperature 55°C which maintained the activity more than 80% up to 12 hours of incubation. Optimization by one factor at-a time (OFAT) and statistical approach was carried out to evaluate the process conditions on decolorization of methylene blue dye using LiP enzyme in static mode. The OFAT technique indicated that the optimum conditions for decolorization of methylene blue (MB) dye was at temperature 55°C, pH 5.0 with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) concentration 4.0 mM. The addition of veratryl alcohol to the reaction mixtures did not show any positive effect on decolorization. The initial concentration of MB and the activity of LiP enzyme were further optimized using response surface methodology (RSM). The contour and surface plots suggested that the optimum initial concentration of MB and LiP activity predicted were 15-20 mg/L and 0.687 U/ml respectively for removal of 63-65%. The final validation in static and agitate mode showed that agitation gave higher removal in decolorizing MB. The mixtures solution was colorless as it reached the equilibrium time within 60 minutes with 90% removal compared to only 70% color removal in static mode at the same conditions: initial dye concentration 15 mg/L, LiP activity 0.687 U/ml, H2O2 concentration 4.0 mM, at temperature 55°C in pH 5.0. In fact, this is a new biotechnological approach for the biodegradation and biosolids accumulation of sludge beside the production of industrial enzyme (LiP) which exhibits the benefit of low production cost as well as environmentally friendly.