The rapid growth of the Internet of Thing (IoT) has increased the demand for lightweight and robust hardware security mechanisms. Physical Unclonable Functions (PUFs) have emerged as promising hardware security primitives for device authentication, cryptographic key generation, and counterfeit prevention by leveraging intrinsic manufacturing process variations. Their capability for on demand cryptographic key generation eliminates the requirement for persistent key storage, thereby enhancing security against key extraction and tampering. However, PUF responses are often affected by environmental noise, voltage fluctuations, and device aging, which can compromise their reliability and randomness. Furthermore, recent advances in Machine Learning (ML) have demonstrated the ability to model and predict Challenge–Response Pairs (CRPs) of conventional strong PUFs, posing significant security risks. PUFs can be implemented in Application-Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) or, at lower cost, in Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs). FPGAs are widely used in IoT and embedded systems due to their programmability, partial reconfigurability, and faster time-to-market. This research presents the design, implementation, calibration, and evaluation of FPGA-based PUFs aimed at improving robustness against environmental variations and ML modeling attacks. Both Arbiter PUFs (APUFs) and Ring Oscillator (RO) PUFs were implemented on an Intel Altera Cyclone IV-E FPGA, with CRPs extracted in real time using a logic analyzer. To mitigate noise and improve consistency, PUF CRPs were processed using whitening and hashing techniques. The performance of the proposed PUFs was evaluated using key metrics including reliability, uniqueness, randomness, and correctness. Randomness was validated through the NIST Statistical Test Suite (STS), while reliability was assessed under variations in temperature, voltage, and device aging. The study also explores the synergy between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and PUFs for IoT security. AI enhances edge computing security through advanced threat detection, automated responses, and optimized resource management. More than 900,000 CRPs were collected for both APUF and RO PUF and evaluated using key metrics including randomness, reliability, and uniqueness. The APUF demonstrated near ideal characteristics with high entropy, reliability (97.99%), and uniqueness (49.99%), while the RO PUF showed similarly strong statistical quality and robustness with reliability of 98.01% and uniqueness of 49.99%. Machine learning resistance was assessed using Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting (GB), and MultiLayer Perceptron (MLP) models. For APUF, LR and GB achieved low prediction performance (around 61%), whereas RF and MLP attained high accuracies up to 97%, reflecting their ability to model complex PUF behaviour. The higher prediction accuracy observed for complex models such as MLP and RF can be advantageously interpreted from an anomaly detection perspective, rather than purely as a weakness. In contrast, RO PUF prediction accuracies remained close to random guessing (below 50%), confirming strong resistance against learning based attacks and high robustness of the CRP data. Moreover, when integrating PUFs into existing FPGA architectures, design compatibility, required modifications, and interactions with other system functions must be carefully considered. These factors highlight the importance of robust design strategies to ensure reliable and scalable PUF implementations for practical hardware security applications.

Increasing numbers of school-going Malay teens are engaging in premarital sex despite strong opposition of both the Malay culture and religion (Islam) against sex outside marriage. The main purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of Malay female teens on the reasons for their involvement in premarital sex. The study also examined the experiences of the teens with religion, particularly their religious upbringing, their attitudes toward religion and the role of religion in their involvement with premarital sex. Using the case study qualitative research method, two occasions of in-depth interviews were conducted with five Malay female teens who have been pregnant while attending school as a result of their engagement in consensual premarital sex. Results showed that there were several interrelated reasons for the involvement of Malay female teens in premarital sex which are teens own attitudes and personal characteristics (seeking worldly enjoyment, curiosity, rebellious, and strong desire for sex), parenting style and family characteristics (harsh parenting, lack of parental warmth and affection, poor parent-child communication, and lack of parental supervision), peer influence, romantic relationship, romantic partner influence, pornography, and lack of religious conviction. Clearly seen in the teens? accounts of the reasons for their involvement in premarital sex are the combination factors of environmental and the teens? own attitudes and personal characteristics. The findings also revealed that the teens? parents laid high emphasis on religion in their homes, the participants received good religious education, and they possess reasonable religious knowledge particularly on the commands and the prohibitions of the religion. Nevertheless despite all these, the teens exhibited poor attitudes toward religion whereby they did not obey much of the religious teachings and rarely performed the obligatory prayer though stressed by their parents. Hence, as far as religion is concerned the study?s findings demonstrated that religion was not an integral part of the lives of the Malay female teens who had had involved in premarital sex whereby religious matters did not rule their lives significantly. Based on the findings of the study, Islamic measures in dealing with teens? premarital sex were proposed.

This dissertation presents a comprehensive study of the issue of talfiq (concoction) in Islamic banking contracts. Many people believe that Islamic banking is merely a replication of conventional banking and does not meet the spirit (maqasid) of shariah due to the similarities between Islamic finance products and conventional usurious products in their economic effects. The study is divided into five chapters, with the first chapter introducing the problem and the structure of the dissertation .The second chapter delves into the concepts of ijtihad, taq?ld, and ift??, clarifying the terms and conditions related to each concept. The third chapter provides a detailed explanation of the concept of talfiq and its types, as well as the difference between talfiq and other related terms in Islamic jurisprudence .The forth chapter discusses the emergence of Islamic banking and whether adopting an approach of h?lah in forming Islamic financial contracts is acceptable. It also explains why Islamic banks are forced to imitate conventional banking and the economic consequences of such imitation .The fifth chapter provides a critical analysis of the main Islamic financial contracts, including mur?baha, ig?rah muntahia bi’taml?k, and mush?rakah mutan?qisah. The study has adopted an inductive approach in gathering the related information. It also applied an analytic method to discuss the arguments and deduce its results. The study concludes that the main reason why Islamic banks are forced to imitate conventional ones is the banking system, where finance is connected with money creation. Therefore, adopting a different system that separates money creation from finance is necessary to provide authentic halal products.

The development of sports within the Malaysian sporting arena must be sustained in order to promote further growth and to achieve world-class status. In order to sustain the development in sports, there are various aspects that need to be taken into consideration besides introducing various mechanisms to improve the quality of performance of the athletes. At present the principal concern among the sporting community is that there are insufficient legal provisions providing for the protection of the rights of sportsperson. The Sports Development Act 1997 (Act 576) (referred as "SDA 1997") was passed in order to promote and facilitate the development and administration of sports in Malaysia. Development of sporting activities is dependant very much on the sportspersons themselves and if the welfare of the sportspersons is not taken care of, it may stultify development of sports in Malaysia. Thus, this dissertation seek to examine the problems faced by the sportspersons and to propose the necessary changes to improve the existing system in order to deliver better protection for the sporting community. The aims and objectives of this dissertation are to improve the existing legal measures promoting the protection of a sportspersons rights. Chapter one deals with the historical development of sports in Malaysia. Chapter two examines the contractual rights of a sportsperson and the shortcomings of the Malaysian system in providing the necessary protection for a sportsperson. Chapter three examines the extent of the tortious liability of a sports organisation in the event a sportsperson suffers injury in the course of representing the organisation in sporting events. Chapter Four examines the criminal liability of a sportsperson. Chapter Five examines the rights of a sportsperson guaranteed in the Federal Constitution. And chapter 6 is the concluding chapter where proposals for reforming the existing legislative measures are made.