Denture stomatitis is primarily caused by Candida biofilm formation on denture bases. Conventional antifungal treatments face challenges such as side effects and increasing resistance. Natural alternatives like Syzygium polyanthum (S. polyanthum), known for its medicinal properties, show promise but remain underexplored in this context. This study aimed to determine antifungal and antibiofilm of Syzygium polyanthum against Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and cobalt chrome (CoCr) denture base materials. A total of forty-six PMMA and forty-six CoCr discs were fabricated to simulate denture base materials using conventional heat-curing methods for PMMA and the lost-wax casting technique for CoCr, followed by standardized polishing. The baseline surface roughness of ten specimens from each material was determined using a laser microscope (LEXT OLS5100). C. albicans (ATCC MYA-4901) and C. parapsilosis (ATCC 22019) were cultured in yeast peptone dextrose (YPD) broth at 37 °C for 24 hours and inocula were standardized to 0.5 McFarland (1.5 × 10⁶ CFU/mL). Meanwhile, S. polyanthum leaves were extracted using ultrasonic-assisted aqueous extraction. Antifungal susceptibility was evaluated using a denture plate diffusion assay with 80% (w/v) extract which nystatin served as the positive control. Antibiofilm activity was assessed using static biofilm assay and crystal violet assay on PMMA and CoCr surfaces to quantify the biofilm biomass. Finally, the biofilm morphology was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). All experiments were conducted in three biological replicates (N=3) to ensure reproducibility. The results showed that C. albicans and C. parapsilosis were observed to be resistant towards S. polyanthum aqueous extract on both PMMA and CoCr denture base materials. Statistical analysis using three-way ANOVA revealed significant differences in C. albicans biofilm formation among the treatment groups on both PMMA and CoCr denture base materials (p < 0.05). On PMMA, nystatin demonstrated the lowest biofilm biomass (0.026 ± 0.031), followed by S. polyanthum (0.212 ± 0.184), while the untreated biofilm exhibited the highest biomass (0.815 ± 0.145). The significant reductions were observed in both nystatin (p < 0.05) and S. polyanthum (p < 0.05) compared to the untreated group. On CoCr, similar trends were observed, with nystatin producing complete inhibition and S. polyanthum (0.113 ± 0.196) showing significantly lower biofilm measurements compared to the untreated group (0.779 ± 0.076; p < 0.05). The biofilm biomass of C. parapsilosis on PMMA was observed to be reduced completely when treated with nystatin (p < 0.05) and S. polyanthum (p < 0.05) compared to the untreated. A significant difference was only observed for nystatin (1.143 ± 0.022) compared to untreated groups when the biofilm was developed on CoCr (p < 0.05). A significant difference was observed between PMMA and CoCr under all treatment conditions (p < 0.05). SEM confirmed the antibiofilm activity of S. polyanthum aqueous extract by showing disrupted biofilm architecture and diminished surface coverage compared with untreated specimens. In conclusion, S. polyanthum aqueous extract does not inhibit the growth of C. albicans and C. parapsilosis on PMMA and CoCr denture base materials however, it exhibits antibiofilm properties against both species.

Increasing numbers of school-going Malay teens are engaging in premarital sex despite strong opposition of both the Malay culture and religion (Islam) against sex outside marriage. The main purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of Malay female teens on the reasons for their involvement in premarital sex. The study also examined the experiences of the teens with religion, particularly their religious upbringing, their attitudes toward religion and the role of religion in their involvement with premarital sex. Using the case study qualitative research method, two occasions of in-depth interviews were conducted with five Malay female teens who have been pregnant while attending school as a result of their engagement in consensual premarital sex. Results showed that there were several interrelated reasons for the involvement of Malay female teens in premarital sex which are teens own attitudes and personal characteristics (seeking worldly enjoyment, curiosity, rebellious, and strong desire for sex), parenting style and family characteristics (harsh parenting, lack of parental warmth and affection, poor parent-child communication, and lack of parental supervision), peer influence, romantic relationship, romantic partner influence, pornography, and lack of religious conviction. Clearly seen in the teens? accounts of the reasons for their involvement in premarital sex are the combination factors of environmental and the teens? own attitudes and personal characteristics. The findings also revealed that the teens? parents laid high emphasis on religion in their homes, the participants received good religious education, and they possess reasonable religious knowledge particularly on the commands and the prohibitions of the religion. Nevertheless despite all these, the teens exhibited poor attitudes toward religion whereby they did not obey much of the religious teachings and rarely performed the obligatory prayer though stressed by their parents. Hence, as far as religion is concerned the study?s findings demonstrated that religion was not an integral part of the lives of the Malay female teens who had had involved in premarital sex whereby religious matters did not rule their lives significantly. Based on the findings of the study, Islamic measures in dealing with teens? premarital sex were proposed.

This dissertation presents a comprehensive study of the issue of talfiq (concoction) in Islamic banking contracts. Many people believe that Islamic banking is merely a replication of conventional banking and does not meet the spirit (maqasid) of shariah due to the similarities between Islamic finance products and conventional usurious products in their economic effects. The study is divided into five chapters, with the first chapter introducing the problem and the structure of the dissertation .The second chapter delves into the concepts of ijtihad, taq?ld, and ift??, clarifying the terms and conditions related to each concept. The third chapter provides a detailed explanation of the concept of talfiq and its types, as well as the difference between talfiq and other related terms in Islamic jurisprudence .The forth chapter discusses the emergence of Islamic banking and whether adopting an approach of h?lah in forming Islamic financial contracts is acceptable. It also explains why Islamic banks are forced to imitate conventional banking and the economic consequences of such imitation .The fifth chapter provides a critical analysis of the main Islamic financial contracts, including mur?baha, ig?rah muntahia bi’taml?k, and mush?rakah mutan?qisah. The study has adopted an inductive approach in gathering the related information. It also applied an analytic method to discuss the arguments and deduce its results. The study concludes that the main reason why Islamic banks are forced to imitate conventional ones is the banking system, where finance is connected with money creation. Therefore, adopting a different system that separates money creation from finance is necessary to provide authentic halal products.

The development of sports within the Malaysian sporting arena must be sustained in order to promote further growth and to achieve world-class status. In order to sustain the development in sports, there are various aspects that need to be taken into consideration besides introducing various mechanisms to improve the quality of performance of the athletes. At present the principal concern among the sporting community is that there are insufficient legal provisions providing for the protection of the rights of sportsperson. The Sports Development Act 1997 (Act 576) (referred as "SDA 1997") was passed in order to promote and facilitate the development and administration of sports in Malaysia. Development of sporting activities is dependant very much on the sportspersons themselves and if the welfare of the sportspersons is not taken care of, it may stultify development of sports in Malaysia. Thus, this dissertation seek to examine the problems faced by the sportspersons and to propose the necessary changes to improve the existing system in order to deliver better protection for the sporting community. The aims and objectives of this dissertation are to improve the existing legal measures promoting the protection of a sportspersons rights. Chapter one deals with the historical development of sports in Malaysia. Chapter two examines the contractual rights of a sportsperson and the shortcomings of the Malaysian system in providing the necessary protection for a sportsperson. Chapter three examines the extent of the tortious liability of a sports organisation in the event a sportsperson suffers injury in the course of representing the organisation in sporting events. Chapter Four examines the criminal liability of a sportsperson. Chapter Five examines the rights of a sportsperson guaranteed in the Federal Constitution. And chapter 6 is the concluding chapter where proposals for reforming the existing legislative measures are made.