Raden Ajeng Kartini’s letters to Stella Zeehandelaar are an important source of biographical and historical information about the colonial conditions of her time. They are also considered valuable literary works as they showcase Kartini’s ability as a writer. Her letters to Zeehandelaar present a rich and nuanced use of language as well as the ability to express complex emotions and ideas. Despite the friendship formed through letter writing, a slight complication and tension can be seen in the correspondence. Therefore, exploring the literary dimensions through a post-colonial reading of Kartini’s writings would allow for an understanding of the complications and their cause(s). This thesis investigates how Kartini navigated the power relations and hierarchies of her time through the delivery of her messages. It does not only look at the content of these letters, but also the intentions behind them. To achieve this aim, this study examines fifteen letters written by Kartini to Zehandelaar from 1899 to 1903. Due to the absence of Zeehandelaar’s replies, guesses and predictions based on Kartini’s writings are made. A reading of these letters through the post-colonial lens provides sufficient evidence to recognise and comprehend Kartini’s ambivalence as well as endeavour to establish connections and the challenges that arose while communicating

The aim of this study is to analyse the course content of the Arabic Language for Ibadah in the Centre of Languages and Pre-University Development at International Islamic University Malaysia, by describing the course content, analysing the opinions of students and teachers towards that course content from the perception analysis. The researcher implemented an analytical description method in this study by describing the course content of the Arabic Language for Ibadah in terms of its lessons and how it incorporates the topic with Quranic verses, hadiths of Prophets, adhkar, and duʿaʾ or supplications and analysed the students and teachers’ perceptions to find ways to improve the course content. The researcher has distributed the questionnaire to 174 male and female students and interviewed three teachers of the Arabic Language for Ibadah (LQAD 2003) for Semester 1 2022/2023 at the university, in order to analyse the course content from their views. The researcher adopted six content analysis criteria based on the content analysis list of Dr. Rushdi Tuʿaimah's book "Dalīl ʿAmal fī Iʿdad Al-Mawad Al-Taʿlimiyah li-baramij Taʿlim al-ʿArabiyah". Therefore, the researcher prepared a questionnaire consisting of 45 questions that have adopted these six selected criteria which are: output, the four language skills, vocabulary, sentence structures, cultural content, and language exercises. The results revealed that the students have a positive perception on the course content in terms of language skills, vocabulary, grammatical structures, cultural content, and language exercises except for the output aspect. As for the teachers' perception, they also suggested a review of the output and sentence structures aspect. Lastly, the analysis of perceptions has identified several areas for improvement in the course content.

Command and prohibition are among the most important chapters of fundamentals, because the focus of obligation is on orders and prohibitions, so it is necessary to know their rulings, and the consequences of violating them, in order for a Muslim to have insight and knowledge of his religion, to perform what God has enjoined upon him, and to recognize the danger of what the infidels and the people of distortion and ignorance do. This study aims to clarify the command and its meaning for grammarians, rhetoricians, and fundamentalists, and to respond to suspicions and misrepresentations in the meaning of the command. This study is a foundation of origins of how to understand the commands of Allah and His Messenger, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, and it is measured on that to respond to other suspicions about the meaning of the command, and in it the proof of the close link between the sciences of the Arabic language and the sciences of Islamic legitimacy. The researcher also tried to emphasize the reasons for the renewal of Islam, and to respond to the slander of the slanderers, the distortion of the distorters, the innovation of the innovators. and the interpretation of the ignorant through reviving and renewing the sciences of Arabic and the science of fundamentals, especially among the young of the Islamic nation and beginner students of knowledge. The researcher follows the descriptive approach based on induction, and the analytical approach to deconstruct the basic elements of the topics under study, and then study and analyze them in an in-depth manner, In light of this, linguistic and fundamentalist rules are derived through which generalizations can be made that help in solving problems. This study concluded that the origin is in the command of obligation according to rhetoricians, grammarians, and fundamentalists, A distinction must be made between the principle of obligation and the evidence that leads it out of obligation, Because the command may come in the sense of the Sunnah, the threat, the permissibility, and so on, and that the command and the obligation are not limited to the words of imposition and duty, Rather, the formulas of the imperative, the obligation, and the expressions indicating the obligation are many among the grammarians, rhetoricians, and fundamentalists, And that the accused, the deviants, the ignorant, and those with suspicion interpret the Qur’an and Sunnah with interpretations that contradict what God and His Messenger, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, wanted, And they violate the principles and rules of grammar and the technical meanings and principles, and they confuse principles and rules in the significance of the matter

This study examines the portrayal of women in family life and the associated narrative elements in Saud Al-Sanousi’s novels: Sijjin Al-Maraaya (Prisoner of Mirrors), Saq Al-Bamboo (The Bamboo Stalk), Fi'ran Ummi Hessa (Mama Hessa’s Mice), and Naqat Salihah (Salihah Camel). It highlights Al-Sanousi’s creative prowess in these works and explores the depiction of women in family roles and the artistic structures within the narratives. Adopting an analytical approach, the study begins with a biographical overview of the author and then examines how women are represented as mothers, wives, and daughters, embodying roles such as the harsh, nurturing, and caring mother, the widowed, obedient, and loving wife, the rebellious daughter, the self-sacrificing daughter, and the estranged daughter. The analysis also identifies shared recurring artistic techniques across the novels, including the use of eloquent language, demonstrating Al-Sanousi’s skill in weaving complex narratives around family dynamics and the multifaceted roles of women.

This study discusses women's issues in novels "Love in the Kingdom of Oil" by Nawal El Saadawi and "Melawan Arus" by Khadijah Hashim from the perspective of Islamic literature. The objectives of this study are to examine women's issues in these two novels and explain the position of Islamic literature in them, as well as to disclose the similarities and differences between them in terms of women's issues. The researcher relies on three approaches: the descriptive approach. The researcher explains the idea of Islamic literature and its methodology, gathers data about the lives and cultures of the two writers, and then applies an analytical approach before revealing their parallels and discrepancies. The researcher concluded that there are women's issues and the writers share these issues as seen from their discussions of prejudice, stereotypes, and violence against women. As for the perspective of Islamic literature, the two novels were similar in the idea of unreality, contradiction of truth, and rejection of human values. The two writers differed in their portrayal of women’s issues from the perspective of Islamic literature that include discrimination in the sense of being illogical, stereotypes that downplay human values, and emotional violence against women, that contradicts their right to a spouse and an education.