This study explores the issue of phonological fossilisation among native Arabic speakers in acquiring and articulating unfamiliar Malay phonemes as a second or foreign language. In second language acquisition, learners typically navigate between their first language (L1) and the target language (L2); however, an essential phase often overlooked is the interlanguage process a transitional linguistic system characterised by persistent and resistant errors known as language fossilisation. This research aims to identify the types of phonological errors that have become fossilised in the speech of native Arabic speakers when pronouncing five distinct Malay phonemes that do not exist in Arabic sounds. The study adopts a descriptive qualitative approach, involving an analysis of Arabic and Malay phonological systems. Participants consist of native Arabic speakers residing in Malaysia. Their speech was recorded and analysed using Praat software, focusing on aspects such as formants, duration, and spectrograms. Findings indicate that the five Malay sounds were perceived as strange by the participants, and not all these sounds exhibited characteristics of phonological fossilisation. These results have important implications for teaching pronunciation in Malay as a second language, especially in addressing prolonged interlanguage phenomena among foreign learners.

This study aimed to analyze common words and expressions used by Arab debaters in Arabic language debates, with a focus on identifying the appropriate vocabulary for the themes of the issues raised and the appropriate expressions for the different speaking purposes in Arabic debates. The research relied on a content analysis methodology to examine six videos representing the final rounds of the Arabic-language debate tournaments using Sketch Engine. The substantive analysis methodology was also used to categorize words according to the themes of the issues of politics, economics, socials and classifying expressions according to the speaking purposes specified in the debates. 20249 words were analysed, including 14,774 nouns and 5,475 verbs, in addition to 6,519 expressions. Results showed that 289 nouns were used more than 8 times with an average of 8.14, such as the words “state”, “team”, and “speaker”, while 118 verbs were used 8 times more frequently with an average of 8.40, such as the words “was”, “said” and “did”. Additionally, 29 expresssions has also been identified as a common expression that is used more than 20 times with an average calculation of 20.37, such as the phrases “government team”, “opposition team”, and “great powers”. The research provided lists of nouns and verbs most commonly used on themes of basic issues, such as politics, economics and socials, as well as a list of most appropriate expressions for speech purposes identified in the Arab debates such as defining the issue, building the case, presenting arguments, point of information (POI), rebuttal, and delivering reply speech. These results provide a valuable reference for understanding the linguistic patterns prevailing in the Arabic debates and supporting debaters in improving their linguistic performance.

The aim of this study is to analyse the course content of the Arabic Language for Ibadah in the Centre of Languages and Pre-University Development at International Islamic University Malaysia, by describing the course content, analysing the opinions of students and teachers towards that course content from the perception analysis. The researcher implemented an analytical description method in this study by describing the course content of the Arabic Language for Ibadah in terms of its lessons and how it incorporates the topic with Quranic verses, hadiths of Prophets, adhkar, and duʿaʾ or supplications and analysed the students and teachers’ perceptions to find ways to improve the course content. The researcher has distributed the questionnaire to 174 male and female students and interviewed three teachers of the Arabic Language for Ibadah (LQAD 2003) for Semester 1 2022/2023 at the university, in order to analyse the course content from their views. The researcher adopted six content analysis criteria based on the content analysis list of Dr. Rushdi Tuʿaimah's book "Dalīl ʿAmal fī Iʿdad Al-Mawad Al-Taʿlimiyah li-baramij Taʿlim al-ʿArabiyah". Therefore, the researcher prepared a questionnaire consisting of 45 questions that have adopted these six selected criteria which are: output, the four language skills, vocabulary, sentence structures, cultural content, and language exercises. The results revealed that the students have a positive perception on the course content in terms of language skills, vocabulary, grammatical structures, cultural content, and language exercises except for the output aspect. As for the teachers' perception, they also suggested a review of the output and sentence structures aspect. Lastly, the analysis of perceptions has identified several areas for improvement in the course content.

Command and prohibition are among the most important chapters of fundamentals, because the focus of obligation is on orders and prohibitions, so it is necessary to know their rulings, and the consequences of violating them, in order for a Muslim to have insight and knowledge of his religion, to perform what God has enjoined upon him, and to recognize the danger of what the infidels and the people of distortion and ignorance do. This study aims to clarify the command and its meaning for grammarians, rhetoricians, and fundamentalists, and to respond to suspicions and misrepresentations in the meaning of the command. This study is a foundation of origins of how to understand the commands of Allah and His Messenger, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, and it is measured on that to respond to other suspicions about the meaning of the command, and in it the proof of the close link between the sciences of the Arabic language and the sciences of Islamic legitimacy. The researcher also tried to emphasize the reasons for the renewal of Islam, and to respond to the slander of the slanderers, the distortion of the distorters, the innovation of the innovators. and the interpretation of the ignorant through reviving and renewing the sciences of Arabic and the science of fundamentals, especially among the young of the Islamic nation and beginner students of knowledge. The researcher follows the descriptive approach based on induction, and the analytical approach to deconstruct the basic elements of the topics under study, and then study and analyze them in an in-depth manner, In light of this, linguistic and fundamentalist rules are derived through which generalizations can be made that help in solving problems. This study concluded that the origin is in the command of obligation according to rhetoricians, grammarians, and fundamentalists, A distinction must be made between the principle of obligation and the evidence that leads it out of obligation, Because the command may come in the sense of the Sunnah, the threat, the permissibility, and so on, and that the command and the obligation are not limited to the words of imposition and duty, Rather, the formulas of the imperative, the obligation, and the expressions indicating the obligation are many among the grammarians, rhetoricians, and fundamentalists, And that the accused, the deviants, the ignorant, and those with suspicion interpret the Qur’an and Sunnah with interpretations that contradict what God and His Messenger, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, wanted, And they violate the principles and rules of grammar and the technical meanings and principles, and they confuse principles and rules in the significance of the matter

This study examines the portrayal of women in family life and the associated narrative elements in Saud Al-Sanousi’s novels: Sijjin Al-Maraaya (Prisoner of Mirrors), Saq Al-Bamboo (The Bamboo Stalk), Fi'ran Ummi Hessa (Mama Hessa’s Mice), and Naqat Salihah (Salihah Camel). It highlights Al-Sanousi’s creative prowess in these works and explores the depiction of women in family roles and the artistic structures within the narratives. Adopting an analytical approach, the study begins with a biographical overview of the author and then examines how women are represented as mothers, wives, and daughters, embodying roles such as the harsh, nurturing, and caring mother, the widowed, obedient, and loving wife, the rebellious daughter, the self-sacrificing daughter, and the estranged daughter. The analysis also identifies shared recurring artistic techniques across the novels, including the use of eloquent language, demonstrating Al-Sanousi’s skill in weaving complex narratives around family dynamics and the multifaceted roles of women.

This study aims to measure the effectiveness of Ṭariqah Mu'addalah (Modified Method) in teaching Arabic syntax to students majoring in Arabic at the International Islamic University Malaysia. The research sought to identify statistically significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results for both the experimental and control groups; to identify differences between the two groups in the post-test results; and to explore students’ perceptions on the effectiveness of Ṭariqah Muʿaddalah in learning Arabic syntax. This study adopted an experimental approach by designing a control group with a pre- and post-test to assess the impact of the method and employed a quantitative approach for data analysis. The study sample consisted of first-and-second-year students majoring in Arabic Language and Literature in IIUM. Pre- and post-test were administered to both the experimental and control groups to assess Arabic syntax proficiency. A questionnaire was also used to gather students' opinions on the effectiveness of Ṭarīqah Muʿaddalah. The results indicated statistically significant differences between the pre- and post-test scores within each group, suggesting an improvement in performance. However, no statistically significant differences was found between the post-test results of the two groups, although some students of the experimental group achieved full marks and their average scores were higher than those of the control group. The findings from the questionnaire revealed a high level of acceptance of Ṭariqah Mu'addalah. This study concludes that Ṭariqah Muʿaddalah demonstrated notable effectiveness in improving students’ mastery of Arabic syntax, not only in terms of academic achievement, but also in the development of language skills and functional use.

This study discusses women's issues in novels "Love in the Kingdom of Oil" by Nawal El Saadawi and "Melawan Arus" by Khadijah Hashim from the perspective of Islamic literature. The objectives of this study are to examine women's issues in these two novels and explain the position of Islamic literature in them, as well as to disclose the similarities and differences between them in terms of women's issues. The researcher relies on three approaches: the descriptive approach. The researcher explains the idea of Islamic literature and its methodology, gathers data about the lives and cultures of the two writers, and then applies an analytical approach before revealing their parallels and discrepancies. The researcher concluded that there are women's issues and the writers share these issues as seen from their discussions of prejudice, stereotypes, and violence against women. As for the perspective of Islamic literature, the two novels were similar in the idea of unreality, contradiction of truth, and rejection of human values. The two writers differed in their portrayal of women’s issues from the perspective of Islamic literature that include discrimination in the sense of being illogical, stereotypes that downplay human values, and emotional violence against women, that contradicts their right to a spouse and an education.

Women’s issues occupy a significant position in literary studies, particularly when examining the multifaceted forms of injustice they encounter across different spheres of life. This study analyses the suffering of female characters in two novels Misk al-Ghazal (Women of Sand and Myyrh) by Hanan al-Shaykh and Perempuan yang Menangis kepada Bulan Hitam (Woman Crying for the Black Moon) by Dian Purnomo through the application of descriptive, analytical, and comparative methods. This research seeks to identify the causes and manifestations of women’s suffering within the framework of feminist literature, and analyse the similarities and differences in the way such suffering is represented in the two novels. The findings indicate that both novels portray physical, psychological, and social suffering, each with distinct characteristics. In Misk al-Ghazal (Women of Sand and Myyrh), physical suffering originates from internal sources, whereas psychological suffering is shaped by both internal sources and external factors involving individuals, small groups, and socio-institutional structures. Social suffering in this novel arises primarily from social and institutional factors. Conversely, in Perempuan yang Menangis kepada Bulan Hitam (Woman Crying for the Black Moon), physical suffering stems from both internal sources and external factors associated with individuals and small groups. Psychological suffering in this work is likewise influenced by internal and external sources, as well as social and institutional systems, while social suffering emerges predominantly from socio-institutional factors. This study concludes that the two novels share more similarities than differences, particularly in the centrality of psychological suffering and in positioning marriage as a principal source of such suffering. However, a notable divergence lies in the characters’ responses: the characters in Misk al-Ghazal (Women of Sand and Myyrh) tend to adopt a passive stance and remain trapped within their suffering, whereas the protagonist in Perempuan yang Menangis kepada Bulan Hitam (Woman Crying for the Black Moon) actively seeks to overcome her circumstances and pursue justice.