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Baitul Maal is deemed as a vital financial institution in the past, apart from its role as the state's treasury in managing all types of revenues and expenditures that the Islamic State had, previously, Baitul Maal served as the assurance body to ensure the public security and preserve the welfare of the public, due to this important function, the modern Muslim civilization, especially in Indonesia, once more intend to establish the identical institution and have the aspiration to replicate the past function of Baitul Maal. When this research is conducted, the main purpose of this research is to compare the role and function of the past Baitul Maal with the role and function of present Baitul Maal in Indonesia, identify and analyze the similarities and differences between the two generations, is the present Baitul Maal truly reflects the role and function of the past Baitul Maal or it is just merely a name? The result of this research implies that there are several similarities and differences between the two institutions, the similar aspect between the two generation is in the aspect of concept and philosophy of Baitul Maal, both institutions has identical concept in making the state as the welfare state, and for the philosophy aspect, both institutions has similar philosophy in developing the people with balance in their spiritual and financial aspect. Whereas the different aspect between the two institutions is in the aspect of definition, source of wealth or revenues, expenditures, and organizational structure, In general, the past Baitul Maal serve as the state's treasury while the present Baitul Maal serve as the charitable body, due to this different characteristic between the two institutions, the past Baitul Maal has a wider type of revenues to be managed and larger type of expenditures to be spent, whilst current Baitul Maal is limited to the sadaqah types fund only that consist of Zakat, Infaq, Sadaqah, and Waqf, thus, its expenditures is also limited and only can be spent to the beneficiaries and the needy, moreover, in term of organizational structure, the past generation structure was established based on the revenues and expenditures while present generation structure was formed based on modern corporate governance, Additionally, in this research, the researcher includes the innovative aspect of present Baitul Maal, issues and challenges of the present Baitul Maal, and predict the prospect of the present Baitul Maal in the future. Keywords: Baitul Maal, Comparison, State's treasury, Charitable Body, Revenues, Expenditures, Sadaqah, Issues and Challenges, Prospect.

Software development methodology is a series of processes that is necessary for software development to achieve a good quality software. Software development methodology can be divided into three general established approaches: the plan-driven development model, agile methodologies, and hybrid agile model. Agile methodologies are difficult to adapt for businesses that have strict timeline from its clients; thus, companies, especially software development houses, prefer the plan-driven development model or hybrid agile model as the models to be referred to in a software project. However, which software model between the plan-driven development model and the hybrid agile model which is widely used by software development houses will result in higher-quality software? To answer the question, this research investigates the plan-driven development model and hybrid agile model for comparison of the software quality produced by the software engineers. This research is empirical research adopting an experimental study to compare the internal quality of a plan-driven development model with a hybrid agile model involving a group of software engineers who were divided into two groups; one group using the Hybrid Agile model, WaterScrumFall while the other be using a plan-driven development model, the Waterfall model. The outcomes of this study shows that the complexity of the code, measured by the Average Cyclomatic Complexity (ACC); the lines of codes indicates the size and scale of the codebase; and the dependencies between objects specifically addressing structural quality through metrics like Coupling between Objects (CBO) and Lack of Cohesion in Methods (LCOM). The less complex project with low coupling between objects and cohesion in methods will contribute to high-quality source code and easier project management and maintenance, and it will also be cost effective. As a result, the team that implements Hybrid Agile model produce lower ACC and CBO, but higher LCOM compared to the team that applies plan-driven methodology. This research concludes that the Hybrid Agile model produces better software quality than the plan-driven methodology. This research will contribute to the benefit of knowing which model will produce better internal software quality and provide better insights for developers on which software development methodology may lead to software that is less complexity with a minimal line of codes, less coupling between methods, and more lack cohesion method.

Most web applications remain vulnerable to SQL injection (SQLi) attacks, where malicious inputs by unauthorized users lead to deletion, modification, or unauthorized retrieval of confidential data from remote databases. These incidents often cause severe financial losses and operational disruptions for commercial vendors and financial institutions. Therefore, this study aimed to develop an enhanced detection and prevention technique against SQLi attacks to strengthen database security in web applications. The research identified recent SQLi attack patterns associated with user input in dynamic web applications and developed a detection method named DetectCombined, implemented using JavaScript and PHP scripts. The DetectCombined prototype integrated three sequential stages: filtration, validation, and history to filter, encrypt, and log previous SQLi attempts, thereby improving system adaptability and reducing false negatives. Experimental testing on an online portal simulation demonstrated that the DetectCombined technique achieved a high degree of detection accuracy, effectively blocking malicious SQL queries and reducing unauthorized access attempts compared to standard PHP input validation. The results confirmed that proactive filtering and encrypted validation through DetectCombined technique at the input stage can significantly enhance the security of web applications against SQL injection threats. The study recommends that web developers and security engineers adopt adaptive, effective detection mechanisms like DetectCombined to enhance real-time protection and ensure sustainable database security in modern web applications. The importance of this study lies in its contribution to strengthening cybersecurity frameworks for web-based systems by providing a proactive and adaptive solution to one of the most persistent vulnerabilities in modern computing environments. However, the study acknowledges certain limitations, including increased computational overhead due to encryption processes and resource consumption associated with maintaining a large history table in high-traffic applications. Despite these constraints, the technique proved to be a reliable and scalable approach to mitigating SQLi attacks. Future research should focus on integrating artificial intelligence and machine learning to automate the detection of evolving SQLi patterns and further optimize system performance, thereby extending the body of knowledge in web application security.

Background: The proportion of the older people population in Malaysia is increasing, leading to a growing prevalence of age-related health challenges, including musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, respiratory issues, and other health-related problems. Addressing these issues is critical, particularly in preventing osteoporosis, fractures, and falls among older adults. However, the current approach in preventing osteoporosis and fracture is still inadequate and needs further health education programmes to be delivered within the community. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the 'Capture the Fracture Programme' in improving knowledge, attitudes, practices, and fall risk among older adults. The study also examines changes in these variables between baseline and six weeks post-intervention, as well as their relationship with the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test outcomes. Method: This study was divided into two phases; in Phase 1 a systematic literature search was conducted to identify the evidence of the intervention’s components. Phase 2 was a quasi- experimental study conducted at the Pusat Aktiviti Warga Emas (PAWE) Maran Centre with a sample of 66 older adults, accounting for an anticipated 20% dropout rate. Participants completed informed consent and baseline questionnaires following a study briefing. Descriptive statistics and Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) were utilised for data analysis using SPSS version 25.0. Results: The results demonstrated a significant improvement in knowledge (p<0.001), attitude (p<0.001), practice (p<0.001), and reduction in fall risk among older adults from baseline to post- intervention (p<0.05). The knowledge (p=0.430), attitudes (p=0.224), and practices (p=0.950) of older adults did not significantly influence their risk of falls. The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test demonstrated a significant reduction in fall risk following the intervention (p<0.05). Conclusion: The present study provided preliminary support in preventing the issue of osteoporosis and fragility fracture among older people in Malaysia. Further research is required to investigate and explore the complex relationships between these factors and the long-term effectiveness of such interventions. Keywords: Falls, Fracture, Older people, Osteoporosis, Quasi-experimental study.

Introduction: Sexual and Reproductive Health (SRH) education in Malaysia remains a sensitive and complex issue due to the nation’s diverse religious beliefs, cultural norms, and societal stigmas. Parents are critical in shaping adolescents' SRH knowledge, yet many face challenges due to insufficient knowledge, skills, and confidence. This study aims to explore these challenges and develop a culturally sensitive SRH education framework tailored to Malaysian families. Materials and methods: A three-phase methodology was employed. Phase 1 consisted of qualitative interviews with 31 parents (9 fathers, 22 mothers) from diverse academic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Participants were recruited through non-governmental organisations (NGOs), religious institutions, parenting workshops, and snowballing methods in six states. Phase 2 involved a critical discourse analysis of two key resources: the government’s Cakna Diri module and the self-help book Berbual-bual dengan Anak Tentang Seksualiti. Phase 3 focused on developing and validating a culturally sensitive SRH framework. Thirteen experts, including religious scholars, healthcare professionals, and child advocates, evaluated the framework using the Fuzzy Delphi Method. Results: Phase 1 identified three key themes: (1) The Influence of Religion and Culture in SRH Education, (2) Parents’ Attitudes and Practices in Delivering SRH Education, and (3) Issues and Challenges in SRH Education Among Parents. Phase 2 highlighted content gaps and delivery issues in the Cakna Diri module, recommending improvements such as clearer objectives, practical adult learning principles, and coverage of topics like internet safety, masturbation, and pornography. Analysis of Berbual-bual dengan Anak Tentang Seksualiti provided additional insights for framework refinement. Phase 3 concluded in the validation of a culturally sensitive SRH framework. Of 36 proposed criteria, 34 achieved high consensus (0.831–0.967). Rejected elements included men-cantered approaches (d=0.587) and framing repentance as a primary focus (d=0.241). Conclusion: This study highlights the critical role of religion, culture, and systemic challenges in shaping SRH education in Malaysia. The validated framework empowers parents with practical, culturally appropriate strategies and promotes collaboration among schools, parents, and healthcare providers, offering a path to improve SRH education and adolescent well-being.

Beyond emergence of global Halal industry, Halal is one of the significant bloc markets. The South Korean food industry endeavours to advance its competition in the global Halal food market under various and active industry supports of government. However, South Korean government involvement shows lack of framework and contains limits in its support system. Criticism toward ineffective government support arises as one of the major issues surrounding Halal food industry development and export promotion, the goal of South Korea. This research highlights three major segments, which are identification and comparison of Malaysian and South Korean government’s involvement framework in Halal food industry development. Lastly, the emphases on the applicability of Malaysian experience of government involvement methods and approaches into South Korean government. The study applies qualitative research methodology that included two tracks of data collection which are literature review and interviews. During data collection, library research sources, existing literatures such as government documents, journal articles and related reports utilized. In the case of interviews, open-ended interviews of ten practitioners conducted. Data was collected and analyzed under inductive sorting out procedure, and the utilization of Atlas.ti software to visualize outcomes. This study determines the framework of two government involvement cases through visualized structure map, and compares its differences based on designed criteria. To suggest applicable framework in South Korea which is based on Malaysian experiences, several theoretical concepts are applied. In this study, South Korean government’s involvement in Halal food industry development is categorized under three criteria which are approach, action, and framework level which needs be customized in non-Muslim countries and their environment.

This study traces the history of the Malaysian Football League development from semi-pro to professional from 1989 until 2011. The discussions begin by examining how the roots of the football league in Malaysia began to form until it reached professional level. Football in Malaysia began to gain serious ground with the establishment of the HMS Malaya Cup in 1921. It grew when the semi-pro league appeared in 1989 as a preparation before entering the professional league. During that period, there were several changes to the league's system and format, in addition to the emergence of several major issues and matters that significantly impacted the local football landscape. The research continues by discussing the changes that took place during the semi-pro and professional eras in the Malaysian football league. Both went through a process that is very important in ensuring that the league's journey process runs smoothly. The changes that occur from one period to another indirectly lead to critical changes to the Malaysian football league, which includes relevant aspects of a professional league. The developments during the transition of these two eras also impacted several entities, such as the national squad, competing teams and clubs, players, supporters, and media. The study also highlights professionalism trends among the major football leagues in Malaysia, England, and Japan. It must be recognized that England and Japan appear as two prosperous examples of countries applying professionalism in their football league. The comparison among the three leagues in this country focuses on some big things in the development aspect of a professional league. The findings of this research will help in understanding the history of the Malaysian football league in a fresher and new narrative.

Several researchers have investigated the energy consumption of office buildings in Malaysia. In this study, energy consumption of low energy buildings, strategies, an overview of electricity usage in buildings, and performance evaluation of green buildings in Malaysia, will be conducted. The Faculty of Design and Architecture (FRSB), University Putra Malaysia (UPM) was selected as a case study for this research. The results of this study will become a reference for UPM, as the owner of the FRSB building, to become a pioneer of energy efficiency programs. These results will be compared with the Malaysian Code of Practice Standard for Energy Efficiency and Use of Renewable Energy for Non-Residential Building (MS 1525:2007); in order to identify compliance with that standard. This study will also identify the factors that contribute towards energy consumption for the FRSB building and provide recommendations for minimizing energy usage for education buildings; particularly in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, and create awareness for building designers and occupants alike. The findings will show that the FRSB building complied with MS 1525:2007, in terms of Overall Thermal Transfer Value (OTTV) and overall energy usage. The results presented in this study will confirm that this building’s electricity usage comes mostly from air conditioning and lighting systems. This study will provide suggestions for using a Building Management System (BMS) to control overall energy usage and for the installation of photovoltaic panels; which may help to provide energy by itself. The recommendations provided will attempt to overcome the problems caused by occupant’s behaviour towards energy use.

This is a multimodal genre analysis study of Malaysia Regional E-Travel Guidebooks (MRTGs) by adapting the frameworks of Bhatia (2004) and Kress and van Leeuwen (1996, 2006). The analysis focused on examining the rhetorical structure, communicative purposes, linguistic features, professional practices, and visual components present in MRTGs. The analysis is done to understand how this genre-which successfully helped Tourism Malaysia to improve its tourism industry- is built up and written. To accomplish the study's objectives, a combination of textual analysis and semi-structured interviews was employed, utilizing specialized software tools such as Atlas.ti and Sketchengine. The study revealed that MRTGs exhibit a distinct structure comprising ten core moves (Headline, Introducing the Country, Urging Action, Targeting the Market, Trivia, Justifying the Destination, Endorsement, Related Info, Service Info, and Closing Info). Notably, the findings highlight the strategic deployment of linguistic features to capture the readers' attention, promote the featured destinations, motivate action, and furnish pertinent information about Malaysia. MRTGs adeptly employ a synergy of informational value, salience, and framing to offer travellers a comprehensive and captivating informational resource. Additionally, the visual elements employed in MRTGs effectively convey meaning and engage readers with the featured destinations. Crucially, the findings show that professionals within Tourism Malaysia believe that MRTGs are essential for attracting and assisting travellers, and ensuring visitor satisfaction, with a focus on transitioning to online platforms and continuous improvement. This study provides multifaceted insights that extend beyond the specific context of MRTGs, contributing significantly to the domains of genre analysis, professional communication, digital marketing, visual communication, and destination marketing. Additionally, it elucidates practical implications for professionals in the tourism industry, enhancing their comprehension of the art of crafting compelling and effective promotional materials with regards to English for Tourism.

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is the most severe manifestation of coronary artery disease which is the leading cause of death globally. In Malaysia, there is an increasing number of AMI among young patients aged less than 45 years. The presentation of AMI at younger age suggests the possibility of genetic predisposition. Since LPA and APOE genes are known to be involved in lipid metabolism, they may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis leading to AMI. However, to date, there is no reported study on the association of LPA copy number variations (CNV) and APOE polymorphism with AMI in young patients. The aim of the current study is to assess the association of LPA CNV and APOE polymorphism with AMI in young adults. This study was conducted on 40 men grouped into 20 young acute myocardial infarction (YAMI) patients and 20 healthy controls. DNAs were purified from blood. The APOE genotyping was performed using multiplex PCR technique while LPA CNV was performed using digital PCR and the analysis of copy number was performed using QIAcuity Software Suite version 1.2 (QIAgen, Germany). Chi –square and Kruskall-wallis tests were used for data analysis. In order to improve the statistical power to signify the role of APOE polymorphism in CAD, meta-analyses were performed from this current result and selected studies among Asian populations using Comprehensive Meta-analysis version 3 software program. No significant association of LPA CNV with AMI was found (p = 0.459) in young adults. Although APOE genotypes and alleles were not significantly associated with AMI in young adults (p=0.484), this study found that E3/E3 genotypes and e3 allele were the commonest genotypes and allele. Lipid parameters were also found to be not significantly associated with LPA CNV status as well as APOE genotypes. However, from the current meta-analysis, APOE genotypes of E3/E3 was found to be protective whilst E3/E4 and e4 allele were found to increase the risk of CAD. In conclusion, this study found that there was no association of LPA CNV and APOE polymorphism with AMI in young adults, but the meta-analysis reaffirmed the role of APOE genotypes and e4 allele in the development of CAD. In pursuance of assessing the contribution of LPA gene CNV and APOE genotypes to our local population, a larger sample representation is recommended.

This study aims to investigate the status of educational management performance adopted by education departments in the KSA in light of the standards of total quality management and from educational supervisors' point of view. It also attempts to build and test proposed standards for the quality of administrative performance of these departments in light of the standards of total quality management and from educational supervisors' point of view. The study follows a descriptive-analytical method. The overall number of the study population is (9002) educational supervisors of ( 4 7) education departments in the KSA. These departments are divided according to the Ministry of education into five geographical areas: (North, East, West, midland, and South). Samples representing all sectors are randomly selected. To achieve the objectives of the study, a questionnaire of 119 items has been designed taking into consideration the face validity and stability test of the coefficient of Cronbach's alpha reaching general stability (0.99). The study selected sample is (369) educational supervisors and the applied analyses are: statistical (SPSS), descriptive, exploratory, EF A, CF A, AMOS, and the Smart PLS. The study concludes: the current status of the quality of educational management performance adopted by education departments in the KSA is low with an average of 1.57 and a standard deviation of 1.161 from the point of view of the educational supervisors; the importance of ten proposed criteria with an average of(4.3) and a standard deviation of(.871); alternative standards of the quality of educational management performance seem to be acceptable, significant and valid. Further, the study proposes and recommends a model that includes main and secondary standards to achieve high quality in educational management performance of education departments in the KSA equal to international quality standards.

This study proposes a hybrid crowdfunding model to enhance financial services for microenterprises in Indonesia. The hybrid concepts of the proposed model are threefold namely product offering, services provided and service modes. The model encourages community involvement by engaging local investors who are geographically close to the microenterprises, allowing them to retain offline interactions with each other. Thus, this model suggests ways of improving and meeting the needs of microenterprises in Indonesia by providing affordable financial services. The research applied a mixed qualitative and quantitative methodology. The interview was conducted to validate the hybrid crowdfunding model's suitability, sustainability, and prospects. The experts confirmed the proposed model have the suitability for unbanked and marginalized communities. Besides, the experts opine that the model is applicable in Indonesia, which has large Muslim population and microenterprises. They emphasized that the model could significantly enhance financial accessibility for these businesses by fostering a sense of community-based support. Additionally, experts highlighted the potential for this model to increase financial inclusion, especially in underserved rural areas, by leveraging local networks and trust. The quantitative part of the study examines the factors influencing the behavioural intention of microenterprises to use the proposed hybrid crowdfunding model. An extended technology acceptance model (TAM) was adopted, which incorporates perceived risk (PR), perceived trust (PT), government support (GS), and two moderating variables, Age and Experience, in addition to two original TAM factors, perceived ease of use (PEOU) and Perceived Usefulness (PU). All predictors' direct and indirect effects are examined using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) and logit regression. The result of the PLS-SEM found that all hypothesized relationships between predictors (PR, PT, PEOU, PU, GS) and the criterion (BI) are statistically significant. Age moderates the relationship between predictors, namely perceived risk (PR), government support (GS), and endogenous variable behaviour intention (BI). On the other hand, the moderating effect of experience on the relationships between the constructs specified is found to be insignificant. Based on the logit regression result, both the basic and interaction models (the simple effect) confirmed that only three predictors, perceived risk (PR), government support (GS), and perceived ease of use (PEOU), are statistically significant in affecting outcomes, but PT and PU are found to be insignificant. The interaction term between age and four predictors (PR, PT, PEOU, and GS) is statistically significant. The interaction term between experience and three predictors (PT, PEOU, and GS) are confirmed to be significant. The study concluded that the hybrid crowdfunding model is acceptable in general. It highlights the need for strong support from the government in establishing robust data protection and privacy regulations for microenterprises who may be concerned about the security of their personal and financial information. Therefore, policymakers should consider formulating policies and guidelines, promoting the use of the proposed hybrid crowdfunding model, and building related infrastructure, such as widening internet penetration, especially in rural areas, to support model implementation

This study qualitatively examines the implications of Shari’ah objectives for sustainability practices among businesses. While there is growing recognition of the importance of adopting an integrated approach to sustainability, many businesses, including those in the halal industry, remain focused on profit maximisation, often at the expense of environmental and social sustainability. As such, there is a pressing need for studies that highlight effective sustainability practices, specifically to guide halal businesses in meeting current needs without compromising future generations. To address this gap, this research employed a qualitative design, utilizing semi-structured interviews to gather data from ten Shari’ah scholars in Malaysia. Thematic analysis was used to interpret the data. The findings reveal that there are robust justifications from a Shari’ah perspective for integrating sustainability practices into business operations. Furthermore, the study underscores the need for heightened awareness among halal businesses regarding the adoption of a holistic sustainability approach. Key recommendations include formulating and implementing comprehensive sustainability strategies, ensuring alignment with Shari’ah principles, and adhering to environmental and social standards. This study offers valuable insights into the intersection of Shari’ah objectives and corporate sustainability, with significant implications for businesses, especially in the halal sector, to better integrate sustainability into their core practices.

This thesis proposes a comprehensive Qur’anic al-istikhlaf framework for examining al-sa'adah (happiness) in Islam, in response to some fragmented and reductionist approaches in both Western and Islamic scholarly traditions. While happiness is a central ethical aim across worldviews, modern secular frameworks often isolate material and psychological aspects, neglecting the moral, metaphysical, and teleological dimensions of well-being. Even within Islamic literature, discussions on al-saʿadah tend to be disjointed and hardly integrate the profound Qur’anic vision of the wholistic human being as khalifah (vicegerent) on earth. This study identifies some epistemological and ontological gaps in existing models and addresses them by proposing an integrated Qu'ranic framework grounded in the concept of al-istikhlaf. Using a qualitative and inductive methodology, it analyses Qur’anic verses, Hadith, and classical and contemporary scholarship to present a multi-dimensional model of the human being encompassing the rūḥ (spirit), qalb (heart), nafs (soul), ʿaql (intellect), bodily faculties and Fitrah (primordial nature). These are then placed in four relational domains: man’s relationship with God, with self, with others and with the universe. Findings indicated that authentic al-saʿadah, both temporal and eternal, is inseparable from fulfilling the divinely assigned role of khalifah. The Qur’anic al-istikhlaf framework reorients the discourse on happiness from a self-centred pursuit to one rooted in divine purpose, moral responsibility, and spiritual growth. It offers a cohesive alternative to prevailing psychological and philosophical models by framing human flourishing through the lens of sacred trust, ethical responsibility, and civilizational balance. This study thus contributes a spiritually grounded and epistemologically rich framework with practical implications for education, public policy, Islamic worldview renewal. It calls for further research into the application of the Qur’anic al-Istikhlaf model across diverse fields of human development and civilizational progress.

Currently there is an act by the government towards improving the state of education for disabled learners in Malaysia. Most Dyslexia centre in Malaysia not originally built as a function for the disabled learners and need to renovate to fit the purpose of learning space for children with dyslexia. Thus, the buildings are facing uncomfortable issues in term of inefficient design of the respective building and facilities available. Dyslexia children nowadays spend most of their time and play within the building, therefore, the building needs to be designed following on the specification of dyslexia children's needs because it is essential for their achievement and optimum development in their learning process. The objectives of this research are to identify and determine important interior design elements for the interior spaces of Dyslexia Centers and to formulate an interior framework for the centre based on the identified element from both literatures and direct assessment. Drawing from the objectives, this study aims to create a valid interior design framework that can be the best practice for the centre according to the ecology of the centre and the needs of the target user. This research is conducted using four (4) selected case study approach and data collection will draw attention to interior design setting of selected dyslexia centre using a checklist on facility condition assessment checklist. Direct observation is adopted for analysis on the selected case studies. A semi-structured interview with the principal and teachers also adopted for data collection method while analysis was done based on the study on literature too. The research found that there are four (4) interior design elements that are important to make up an effective interior design setting for dyslexia learning environment, which are; space planning and facilities, colour scheme, materials used and windows and openings. These interior design elements very important to study in-depth in relation to learning environment, specifically for dyslexia children as it is found that most of the visited dyslexia centre did not provide a suitable interior design setting that can stimulate learning process for dyslexic students. The findings are expected to become a reference point for Dyslexia Centres to improve their learning environment condition prior to the spectrums and appropriate interior design elements as supporting environment corrective method to the centres.

Disasters whether natural or human-made, leave a lasting impact on human lives and require mitigation measures. In the past, millions of human beings lost their lives and properties in disasters. Information and Communication Technology provides many solutions. The issue of so far developed DMSs is their inefficiency in semantics that causes failure in producing dynamic inferences. Here comes the role of semantic web technology that helps to retrieve useful information. Semantic web-based intelligent and self-administered framework utilizes XML, RDF, and ontologies for a semantic presentation of data. The ontology establishes fundamental rules for data searching from the unstructured world, i.e., the World Wide Web. Afterward, these rules are utilized for data extraction and reasoning purposes. Many disaster-related ontologies have been studied; however, none conceptualizes the domain comprehensively. Some of the domain ontologies intend for the precise end goal like the disaster plans. Others have been developed for the emergency operation center or the recognition and characterization of the objects in a calamity scene. A few ontologies depend on upper ontologies that are excessively abstract and are exceptionally difficult to grasp by the individuals who are not conversant with theories of the upper ontologies. The present developed semantic web-based disaster trail management ontology almost covers all vital facets of disasters like disaster type, disaster location, disaster time, misfortunes including the causalities and the infrastructure loss, services, service providers, relief items, and so forth. The objectives of this research were to identify the requirements of a disaster ontology, to construct the ontology, and to evaluate the ontology developed for Disaster Trail Management. The ontology editor applied by this research is Protégé version 5.2.0, which utilizes OWL as ontology language. The ontology consists of 6969 axioms, 84 concepts, 103 properties, and 726 individuals. The ontology was assessed efficaciously via competency questions; externally by the domain experts and internally with the help of SPARQL queries. The ontology was assessed by a software tool and found 100% accurate concerning its structure and overall 97% perfect as evaluated by the domain experts.

This study explores the socio-cultural history of football in Malaya from the 1880s to the 1950s. It begins by examining how football was introduced during the British colonial period as a leisure activity among European social clubs. British and European officials originally set up the clubs and became some of the earliest venues for the introduction and promotion of this sport. Football started as a recreational pursuit but gradually moved beyond the European circles and grew into organised state-level competitions in Penang, Selangor, Malacca, Perak, and Negri Sembilan. Public spaces such as open fields and club grounds served as important venues where football gained visibility and acceptance among local communities. Over time, the sport attracted widespread attention from the Malays, Chinese, and Indians who began to take part as players, supporters, and organisers. Local football teams were formed, with the regular matches held, leading to the creation of state football leagues and administrative structures. These developments were crucial in transforming football from a colonial pastime into a structured part of Malayan public life. The formation of early football associations helped lay the foundation for future national-level organisation. The study also discusses the process that led to the institutionalisation of football in Malaya through the establishment of the Malayan Football Association, which played a significant role in organising and governing the sport in a broader scale. This study uses historical records, newspapers, memoirs, and archives to understand better how football grew during the colonial period. It highlights the ways in which football became a common platform for social interaction across different races. This study provides a fresh narrative in the history of football in this region by focusing on its early growth, its integration into public life, and its lasting cultural impact on Malayan society

Since the 1990s, the interaction between the dominant Muslim community and other faiths in Bangladesh has become prevalent. In response to this scenario, this study investigates inter-religious relations among religious communities in Chittagong, Bangladesh, which is known for its religious diversity and historical significance. The research aims to examine the complexities of cooperation, collaboration, conflicts, and peaceful coexistence within inter-religious interactions. It also sheds light on the efforts to foster inter-community understanding and harmony. For the study, the researcher employs a qualitative method in which in-depth interviews are conducted with selected participants, such as representatives of religious scholars, cultural activists, and community leaders. The scripts are critically analyzed to extract the factors contributing to religious conflicts. The study on inter-religious interaction is significant for Bangladesh’s peacebuilding and social cohesion efforts. By uncovering the dynamics of inter-religious relations, this study contributes to a more inclusive societal framework that transcends religious divisions, promoting mutual understanding and unity among diverse religious groups. Moreover, it identifies challenges that hinder development and, at the same time, offers strategies to overcome these challenges. Therefore, this study shows potential for cultivating harmonious interaction that exceeds boundaries and enriches the nation’s social well-being. Focusing on Chittagong, the study provides context-specific perceptions into the multi-faceted circumstances that shape inter-religious relations. The findings contribute significantly to the concept of religious coexistence and inter-community relations. Consequently, the outcomes provide valuable insights for policymakers, religious institutes, and human rights organizations to develop context-specific strategies. Keywords: Inter-religious relations, Religious diversity, Chittagong, Bangladesh, Religious coexistence

The development of sports within the Malaysian sporting arena must be sustained in order to promote further growth and to achieve world-class status. In order to sustain the development in sports, there are various aspects that need to be taken into consideration besides introducing various mechanisms to improve the quality of performance of the athletes. At present the principal concern among the sporting community is that there are insufficient legal provisions providing for the protection of the rights of sportsperson. The Sports Development Act 1997 (Act 576) (referred as "SDA 1997") was passed in order to promote and facilitate the development and administration of sports in Malaysia. Development of sporting activities is dependant very much on the sportspersons themselves and if the welfare of the sportspersons is not taken care of, it may stultify development of sports in Malaysia. Thus, this dissertation seek to examine the problems faced by the sportspersons and to propose the necessary changes to improve the existing system in order to deliver better protection for the sporting community. The aims and objectives of this dissertation are to improve the existing legal measures promoting the protection of a sportspersons rights. Chapter one deals with the historical development of sports in Malaysia. Chapter two examines the contractual rights of a sportsperson and the shortcomings of the Malaysian system in providing the necessary protection for a sportsperson. Chapter three examines the extent of the tortious liability of a sports organisation in the event a sportsperson suffers injury in the course of representing the organisation in sporting events. Chapter Four examines the criminal liability of a sportsperson. Chapter Five examines the rights of a sportsperson guaranteed in the Federal Constitution. And chapter 6 is the concluding chapter where proposals for reforming the existing legislative measures are made.

The facade plays a key role as both a barrier and a filter between the comfortable `indoors` and the uncontrolled `outdoors`. The degree to which the facade of a building embraces maintenance considerations has a major impact on its performance. In Malaysia, new buildings are erected everyday with modern design featuring complex building facade design which has common problems often found in different types of building facades. These problems have implications in the design, constructions and maintenance of buildings. Every building facade should always be maintained to a high standard so that it will look more value in its appearance and a longer life span. The value of buildings depends on the quality of the maintenance invested in them. Maintenance management involves obtaining maximum benefit from the investment made on the maintenance activities. Maintenance in buildings in Malaysia is on the increase regardless of size, type, location, and ownership. It is necessary to rectify building facade defects and for maintenance purposes as facades is exposed to the climatic condition. The study will find out the building facade defects and other maintenance problems that are heavily attributed to design deficiencies, material limitations and lack of maintenance knowledge. To achieve this aim, three objectives have been set: to identify the types of common building facade defects, to identify its effect on maintenance and to relate the facade defects with maintenance and to recommend the appropriate solutions to improve the establishment of standard building facade maintenance in Malaysia. A study was conducted in three government buildings in Putrajaya to identify the facade defects and its effect on maintenance. The data were analyzed using Relative Index formula. The current maintenance management procedures in Malaysia are, however, condition and reactive based. The weaknesses in the current procedures are the primary problems because they do not explicitly link maintenance needs with building performance with respect to the building users. Findings show that main problems that the maintenance contractors are currently facing are caused by building design deficiencies, poor construction quality, and choice of building material which affects maintenance.