This research addresses the critical challenges surrounding crowd management and pedestrian movement during the annual Hajj pilgrimage in Makkah, the largest scheduled mass gathering globally. Following the tragic 2015 "crush and stampede" incident, which claimed numerous lives, there is an urgent need to develop effective strategies to mitigate overcrowding and enhance safety. The Hajj pilgrimage attracts millions of Muslims each year, creating immense pressure on infrastructure and resulting in overcrowding, bottlenecks, and, tragically, fatal incidents. Despite initiatives by the Ministry of Municipal and Rural Affairs of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (MOMRA), challenges persist due to the lack of clear guidelines for public open spaces and the absence of comprehensive crowd management plans. This study aims to develop a comprehensive framework for crowd control during the Hajj pilgrimage, focusing on improving pedestrian movement and reducing fatalities. By leveraging multidisciplinary approaches, including urban planning, public health, and emergency management, the objective is to ensure a safe and secure pilgrimage experience aligned with the goals of Saudi Vision 2030. A mixed-methods approach is employed, combining literature review, on-field observation, video recordings, pedestrian counts, and simulation modeling. Field observations capture real-time crowd behavior and movement patterns, supplemented by video recordings to enrich understanding. Pedestrian counts quantify foot traffic, while simulation models assess the impact of urban design interventions on crowd dynamics. The study identifies key challenges in pedestrian movement, such as bottlenecks and congestion points, and proposes urban design strategies and crowd management principles to address them. Simulation analysis validates the effectiveness of these strategies, leading to the development of a comprehensive framework for optimising pedestrian movement and crowd management during the pilgrimage. This research contributes valuable insights to the fields of urban design and crowd management, offering practical solutions to enhance safety and efficiency during large-scale events like the Hajj pilgrimage. Recommendations for policymakers and urban planners are provided, with a focus on continuous improvement and future research directions. Keywords: Urban Design Strategies, Crowd Management, Pedestrian Movement, Hajj Pilgrimage, Saudi Vision 2030.

Mosques are an important institution for the Muslim community. One of the important concepts that is to strengthening the institution of mosques is imarah. Recognising the importance of the concept of mosque imarah, scholars have conducted various studies regarding it. However, previous studies only focused on measuring the quality of imarah from the aspect of facilities, activities, financial status, and organisation. As of today, there are limited studies that have studied the relationship between the effects of planned mosques and unplanned mosques on the quality of mosque imarah. Considering that previous studies on the measurement of mosque imarah quality does not include the spatial planning aspects as well as the contradicting approaches of modem spatial planning with traditional Islamic concept, this research attempts to investigate and conduct a study on unplanned and planned mosques in contributing to the quality of mosque imarah. This research will focus on two areas: urban and suburban areas in Selangor. The study measured the quality of mosque imarah by using the modified Key Performance Indicators for Facility Performance Measurement on the planned and unplanned mosque in urban and suburban areas in Selangor. This research quantitatively examines planned qariah mosque in Selangor which are Masjid AlFirdaus and Masjid Al-Falah as well as unplanned qariah mosque in Selangor which are Masjid Al-Hidayah and Masjid Nurul Iman. The relationship between the quality of mosque imarah with the planned and unplanned mosques were examined using questionnaire surveys of 442 respondents from the research area. The strength of relationship between the independent and dependent variables were tested using Spearman's correlation analysis. Results of the research provide empirical evidence to support that mosque location, facilities, activities, management, financial aspect and mosque attendance had a positive relationship towards the quality of mosque imarah. It is also found that large qariah mosque boundary negatively contributes towards lower satisfaction level of imarah by user. Therefore, this research suggested that the current qariah mosque planning standard to include the criteria on the size of qariah mosque boundary and the maximum mean distances from residential and commercial units to the mosque. The addition of this criteria to the current qariah mosque planning standard will enhance the locational aspect in the quality of mosque imarah.