Academic motivation and self-efficacy in oral and maxillofacial surgery courses among undergraduate dental students at International Islamic University Malaysia : a mixed-methods study

Abstract

Academic motivation and self-efficacy are essential components of successful learning and clinical performance in dental education. However, limited research has explored how these elements interact specifically within the context of oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMFS), a core yet challenging discipline in dentistry. This study aims to address this gap by examining the levels and influencing factors of academic motivation and self-efficacy among clinical dental students enrolled in the OMFS course at the Kulliyyah of Dentistry, International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). The findings aim to inform strategies for strengthening dental education and clinical preparedness. A mixed-methods approach was adopted using a sequential explanatory design. Quantitative data were collected through validated questionnaires measuring academic motivation and self-efficacy, administered to clinical dental students. The qualitative phase involved online focus group discussions (FGDs) with fourteen participants, guided by a semi-structured interview protocol. Thematic analysis was employed to explore deeper insights into students’ experiences and perceptions. Quantitative analysis revealed a high level of academic motivation (M = 5.31, SD = 0.77) and self-efficacy in OMFS (M = 3.51, SD = 0.64). Comparative analyses indicated variations by gender and year of study. The qualitative findings uncovered several key motivational drivers, including personal aspirations, family encouragement, and a strong desire to serve the community. Self-efficacy was notably influenced by supportive mentorship, clinical exposure, and peer collaboration. Both motivation and self-efficacy were found to be interconnected, reinforcing each other throughout the students’ clinical journey. In conclusion, the study underscores the importance of fostering academic motivation and self-efficacy to enhance learning outcomes and clinical readiness in OMFS. It recommends the implementation of structured mentorship programmes, the promotion of peer and family support systems, and strategies to cultivate a growth mindset among dental students. These efforts are crucial for nurturing resilient, confident, and motivated future dentists.