The potential of zakat for poor senior citizens in Malaysia : an analysis from a maqasid perspective

Abstract

Malaysia is projected to become an ageing nation by 2044, with 14% of its population aged 65 and above. This demographic transition poses significant challenges, particularly for the poor elderly citizens whose financial and social vulnerabilities are expected to intensify. Within this context, zakat, as one of the fundamental pillars of Islam, provides an important mechanism for social redistribution and welfare support. While zakat has historically been distributed to the poor and needy, its potential to address the specific needs of the elderly remains underexplored. This study seeks to analyse the potential of zakat for poor elderly citizens in Malaysia from the perspective of maqaṣid al-shariʾah. This research employs a qualitative design, combining library-based inquiry with semi-structured interviews involving shariʾah scholars, Islamic finance experts, and practitioners. Data were thematically and analytically examined to assess how zakat distribution can be structured to safeguard the elderly’s welfare in alignment with the higher objectives of Islamic law, namely the preservation of life, intellect, wealth, faith, and dignity. The findings indicate that zakat can play a transformative role in advancing maqaṣid al-shariʾah among the elderly by addressing their economic, social, and spiritual needs. Specifically, zakat has the potential to provide direct financial assistance, support the development of infrastructures and services tailored to the elderly, even fund educational and spiritual programs that promote dignity and inclusion. This research highlights the importance of re-examining zakat distribution policies to expand its coverage, thereby enhancing social justice and public welfare in Malaysia.