البنية العميقة والبنية السطحية عند تشومسكي وتطبيقاتها في الخطاب القرآني : دراسة دلالية نحوية

Abstract

This study envisages examining Noam Chomsky’s deep and surface structures and their applications in Quranic discourse, which is regarded as an important element in sentence analysis. The aims of this study are: to understand the deep and surface structures according to Chomsky’s Generative and Transformational Theory (GTT) and to understand Chomsky’s transformational rules and their presence in ancient Arabic heritage, as well as to uncover the reasons for the appearance of specific surface structures in the verses of al- Ḥawāmym, which the researcher has chosen to analyse. The researcher adopted the descriptive methodology to study the deep and surface structures in Chomsky’s GTT and in ancient Arabic heritage. Therefore, the researcher gathered information from relevant sources and references and adopted the semantic and analytical methodologies for applying deep and surface structures in al- Ḥawāmym and their connotations. According to Chomsky, transformational rules can be applied to show how surface structures are derived from deep structures. Thus, the researcher applied the following transformational rules: deletion, replacement, addition, reduction, and permutation to analyse the al- Ḥawāmym surahs. The study resulted in several findings, and the most important findings are: First, the deep and surface structures are considered as outcomes of the syntactic component in Chomsky’s GTT, in which the deep structure arises from the generative component, while the surface structure results from the transformational component. Second, Chomsky’s transformational rules, such as deletion, replacement, addition, reduction, and permutation, are the ones that transform the deep structure of a language into a surface structure. These rules had been present in ancient Arabic heritage long before they appeared in Chomsky’s GTT, even though classical Arab grammarians did not employ modern and contemporary linguistic terminology to describe the transformational rules. Third, the research concluded that al- Ḥawāmym contains the elements of deletion, replacement, addition, reduction, and permutation, and each specific surface structure studied by the researcher has its meaning and connotation, as proven in the researcher’s compilation and analysis of 192 specific surface structure in al- Ḥawāmym.