تنمية التفكير وأسسه عند الماوردي عبر التعليم

Abstract

This study focused on Al Mawardi’s thinking, its foundations and his teaching methods. Although Al Mawardi is one of the most famous Islamic political thinkers, this study attempted to shed light on his other important contributions, especially those in the areas of thinking and teaching methodology. To achieve this goal, the researcher used the descriptive analytical historical method. This method was used as it employs elements of induction in the tracking of topics; criticism to clarify and compare texts to uncover facts; and in the case of analytical theoretical studies, authentication so as to be able to perform in-depth analysis of those texts. Using this approach, the researcher was able to answer the main research questions. The study reached the following conclusions: Al Mawardi is considered one of the most prominent Muslim scholars in the field of education. The study also highlighted the distinguished position Al Mawardi gave to science and the necessity of its application and continuity in learning. Al Mawardi held an integrated view of knowledge promoting the importance of each field of study. He believed cognitive development to be related to individual differences, influenced by genetics, environment, motivations, and needs. These factors not only affect cognitive development, but also have a comprehensive effect on the processes of teaching and of education. Al Mawardi stressed the importance of thinking and the importance of enhancing thinking skills among students. He believed that the mind is the gateway to education, the basis of virtues and literature, and the head of morality which is the origin of religion and the pillar of life. Al Mawardi examined subjects carefully, and spent effort in order to derive and interpret facts by the adoption of critical thinking. He achieved this through his method of drawing attention; finding the link between introductions and results; looking at the relationship between the part and the whole and between reason and cause, and using logical thinking through discussion, problem solving and brainstorming. The research reveals the influence of this thinker in the field of teaching ten centuries ago, especially with regard to the concept of cognitive development in the educational process, and Al-Mawardi’s emphasis on the importance of the roles of the teacher, the student and the curriculum.