Elucidation on The Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Properties of Syzigium Cumini Extract on Pathogens in Oral Mucositis

Abstract

"Syzygium cumini (SC) has been used to treat various ailments. There is less data available about the impact of oral pathogens on oral mucositis when using SC seed. This study aims to determine the use of SC through profiling, antimicrobial effects, and its effect on biofilm formation. The SC seed was extracted using an aqueous extraction method, followed by freeze-dried drying and prepared in powdered form. As for LCQTOF-MS analysis, the sample was analysed with a 10 µL sample injection (1 mg/10 mL in methanol). The mobile phase was a 0.1% formic acid gradient in water and acetonitrile. Meanwhile, the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion test determined the effect of SC seed on antimicrobial testing. The positive and negative controls were 0.12% chlorhexidine and 0.85% sterile saline, respectively. In the biofilm study, Candida albicans ATCC MYA-4901 (ALT5), Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175), Streptococcus salivarius K12 (K12) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) were used in the biofilm study. To determine the effect of aqueous SC seed extract on monospecies biofilm of C. albicans, S. mutans and S. aureus, 60 µL suspension containing 6 × 106 oral mucositis pathogens, 60 µL of SC seed extract (6 mg), and 60 µL of sterile RPMI-1640 and BHI broth respectively were inoculated in the same well. Finally, a crystal violet (CV) assay was used to quantify biofilm formation using a microplate reader. In summary, 51 compounds were identified. As for antimicrobial testing, the disc diffusion test revealed S. salivarius (32.33 ± 2.08), followed by S. mutans (30.44 ± 1.16), S. aureus (28.67±1.15) and lastly, C. albicans (21.33±0.57). This study also showed that S. salivarius (76.7 ± 0.2) exhibited a high percentage reduction of biofilm biomass when treated with SC seed extract, followed by S. aureus (71.8 ± 0.2), S. mutans (59.1 ± 0.0) and lastly, C. albicans (14.4 ± 5.9). SC aqueous extract inhibits biofilm formation of C. albicans, S. mutans and S. aureus that predominated in the oral cavity of oral mucositis (OM) patients. The research indicates that SC seed extract exhibits effective antimicrobial and anti-biofilm properties against key pathogens of OM, implying its capacity to its potential to reduce microbial load and avert subsequent infections. Clinically, our findings suggest that SC seed extract may be formulated into natural oral rinses or gels as a microbiome-compatible substitute for chemical antiseptics, aiding in the management of OM and promoting mucosal repair in patients receiving cancer treatment."