Navigating the historical roots of islamophobia and contemporary challenges in Albania : the case of Muslim women in Albania, 1991-2024

Abstract

The purpose of this study is threefold. First, it seeks to investigate the contributing factors that led to the emergence of Islamophobia, particularly in post-communist Albania between 1991 and 2024. It examines multiple factors, namely domestic, regional, geopolitical and ideological factors, in addition to the role of the ruling leadership in Albania. Second, the study also seeks to analyse the impact of Islamophobia on Muslim women in Albania, in order to understand the extent of the impact on their identity as Muslims. Third, it explores how Muslim women navigate the challenge of Islamophobia while remaining committed to their religious values and identity. Using an in-depth interview, questionnaire, and library research, the study found that first, Muslim women did have encounters with Islamophobia in various degrees, from subtle micro-aggression to direct physical assaults. Second, various factors were identified as contributing to this phenomenon, including socio-political factors, given that Albania is situated at the centre of Europe, a predominantly Christian continent. Communist ideology, which was part of Albania’s national identity and history, also contributed to the formation of Islamophobia in that context. Third, the study also found that Islamophobia has a substantial impact on Muslim women in Albania, affecting their well-being. Lack of legislation to combat Islamophobia also contributes to the intensity of the problem. Thus, the study suggests that combating Islamophobia necessitates political will and accountability, the role of media, a legislative approach, and a public awareness campaign to demonstrate Islam’s compatibility with European state-building principles. Keywords: Albanian Muslim Women, Post-Communist Albania, Islamophobia