Methodologies of implementing Islam in Pakistan by Jamat-e-Islami and Jamiat Ulama-e-Islam : a comparative analysis

Abstract

The rise of Islamic political movements in Pakistan has been central to the country's ideological and political discourse since its inception. This study conducts a comparative analysis of the methodologies employed by two prominent religious-political parties, Jamat-e-Islami (JI) and Jamiat Ulama-e-Islam (JUI), in their efforts to implement an Islamic system of governance in Pakistan. Despite sharing a common goal, these parties' approaches diverge significantly, raising questions about the effectiveness and feasibility of their strategies in translating Islamic principles into governance. The implementation of an Islamic system in Pakistan has been a long-standing aspiration, marked by numerous rhetorical commitments and legislative efforts. However, a comprehensive practical approach at the ground level remains elusive. This research examines the strengths, weaknesses, and implications of each party's approach to implementing Sharīʿah law, focusing on their ideological foundations, political engagement, and social mobilisation strategies. This study employs qualitative methodology, utilising a comparative framework to evaluate party manifestos, key speeches, and historical records. It uses both English and Urdu language sources, quoting original Urdu texts alongside English translations when necessary. The research objectives are multifaceted. First, it analyses the Islamic political system and its applicability in modern Pakistan. Second, it examines the Islamic articles of Pakistan's constitution with Jinnah's vision. Third, it compares the pragmatic efforts of both the JI and JUI towards implementing an Islamic system. Finally, it evaluates the organisational structures of these parties and assesses their specific methodologies for realising Islamic governance in Pakistan. The findings reveal that both the JI and JUI have undergone ideological transformations and political strategy changes in their pursuit of implementing an Islamic system. The JI has attempted to synthesise Islamic politics with democratic norms, challenging the perception of Islamists as inherently anti-democratic. Conversely, the JUI-F has shown adaptability to regional and international political changes, distinguishing itself from more radical Deobandi groups. While these parties have increased their influence in parliament, their electoral popularity remains limited. The study concludes by highlighting the complexity of implementing Islamic governance in a modern state, emphasising the need for a cohesive and pragmatic approach that addresses both ideological purity and political realities. This research contributes to the broader discourse on Islamic political movements and their role in shaping governance in Pakistan. It offers insights into the challenges and opportunities for religious-political movements in influencing the country's legal, political, and social landscape, while also suggesting potential pathways for realising an Islamic system within the Pakistani context.

Keywords: Islamic governance in Pakistan, Jamat-e-Islami (JI) methodologies, Jamiat Ulama-e-Islam (JUI) strategies, Comparative analysis, Sharīʿah implementation.