Constructing the belonging : social and political identity formation among Muslim minorities in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic and northern Thailand

Abstract

This study examines the complex interplay between social and political identity formation among Muslim minorities in Laos and northern Thailand, two regions with distinct socio-political contexts. These diverse communities, comprising descendants of immigrants from Southwest China and South Asia, as well as indigenous hill tribe converts, offer a unique perspective on the integration of minorities. Over the course of six years, extensive fieldwork including interviews, focus groups, and site surveys generated rich qualitative data on these understudied populations. While acknowledging limitations in accessing precise demographic data, this research provides valuable insights into their lived experiences, challenges, and evolving identities. The study pursues two primary objectives: 1) investigating social identity construction and 2) analysing political identities and relationships with the states. The research reveals a complex interplay of internal factors (ethnicity, religious practice, political regime, demographic policies) and external factors (socio-economic opportunities and media influence) that shape identity formation. Specifically, it examines how diverse ethnic origins contribute to varied expressions of Islam and analyses the impact of Laos's single-party system and Thailand's constitutional monarchy on Muslim political participation and religious freedom. Furthermore, it examines how the Ummah concept fosters unity alongside internal variations in jurisprudence. The research also investigates how socio-economic opportunities and media exposure particularly cross-border influences affect integration and perceptions. Finally, it compares and contrasts Muslim political engagement in Laos (limited yet evolving) with that of northern Thai Muslims (greater rights and active participation). This research provides a foundational understanding of Muslim minority communities in Laos and northern Thailand, serving as a valuable resource for future researchers and those interested in these often-overlooked populations.

Keywords: Social Identity, Political Identity, Political Participation, Minority