Browsing by Type "Doctoral Theses"

This dissertation analyses the transformations in historical theory through the lenses of Ibn Khaldun, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, and Arnold Toynbee, focusing on their strategies for understanding the general rise, fall and movement of civilisations in history. By situating the ideas and conceptual frameworks of these thinkers within their sociohistorical contexts, the research also provides a comparative perspective for examining the factors that determine changes in the vector of social development. Thus, Ibn Khaldun’s concept of Asabiyyah, or social solidarity, is a key factor in the forces that shape and potentially disintegrate civilisations. On the other hand, while Hegel wrote from a dialectical point of view, he was also interested in the development of reason, which seeks fulfilment in opposites and reverses, so that reason plants a wish for liberty in humanity and the World Spirit. The cyclic model that Toynbee has proposed, based on the challenge-response mechanism, also enhances the discourse by describing civilisations that were born, grew, and died due to the struggle against stresses and strains from within and without. This study makes critical points regarding the implications of linear and cyclical gravity concepts in relation to historical evolution, focusing on the convergences and divergences between these three thinkers. It emphasizes the significance of leaders, integration, and change in the rise and fall of civilisations. The dissertation similarly evaluates the appropriateness of these theoretical approaches in the modern world, especially concerning nationalism, globalisation, or political movements. On the other hand, this work explains the social forces that drive historical change, pertaining to the evolution of societies, rather than superseding the existing notions of historical interpretation. The call is to shift the focus away from the onesidedness and fragmentation of civilisational change. It argues that Khaldunism, Hegelianism, and Toynbeeism still have their purpose in contemporary studies. This dissertation presents history from a new perspective by focusing on Hegel and Toynbee through Khaldun’s point of view and analyzing their theories in a new way. This suggests that, rather than the linear evolution of social forces, an integrated approach is ideal for the evolution of civilisations.

This study proposes a sustainable personal financing model, the Qarḍ Ḥasan via Cash Waqf (QHCW) model, as a proactive solution to mitigate future economic crises. Grounded in the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), it assesses the model’s acceptance by examining respondents’ knowledge, objectives, and perception within the B40 and M40 income groups, who are often excluded from conventional financial services during downturns. The model establishes a structured, interest-free fund sustained through Shari’ah-compliant investments, incorporating standard operating procedures (SOPs) from the Prophetic tradition to encourage reciprocal contributions upon repayment. Following the Dinc Framework, the QHCW fund relies on initial contributions from unaffected individuals, permitting withdrawals only after securing these deposits. Public donations remain open, with all funds allocated to low-risk, Shari’ah -compliant ventures to ensure sustainability and cover administrative costs. A mixed-method research design integrates quantitative survey data from snowball sampling with qualitative insights from open-ended respondent feedback and practitioner interviews, offering a comprehensive evaluation of feasibility, acceptance, and implementation readiness. Empirical findings confirm the QHCW model’s viability, with no Shari’ah compliance concerns identified. As an ethical alternative to interest-based banking, the model provides a sustainable financial safety net, particularly in times of crisis. The study also raises an urgent ethical concern: financial institutions, despite their mandate for economic stability, continue to impose interest during crises, deepening financial hardship. This contradiction underscores the necessity of ethical, interest-free mechanisms. The QHCW model is ready for implementation, presenting a viable, Shari’ah -compliant intervention to strengthen Malaysia’s financial resilience, enhance social welfare, and ensure economic stability in future crises. It offers actionable insights for policymakers, industry stakeholders, and Islamic financial institutions.

This study aims to develop a hierarchical model to identify and rank the challenges faced by conventional and Islamic banks in Bangladesh in providing quality service, along with their corresponding critical success factors (CSFs). Few studies have systematically analysed the challenges and practical solutions for these banks. In this study, specific objectives include: 1. Identifying challenges faced in prioritisation by conventional and Islamic banks. 2. Ascertaining CSFs for each challenge. 3. Ranking the challenges and CSFs. 4. Developing a hierarchical model to enhance the Bangladeshi banking sector's effectiveness. Using an exploratory sequential mixed-method design, qualitative data were collected from 14 experts from conventional banks and 15 from Islamic banks, followed by a survey of 120 respondents for prioritisation. Data for both stages were purposely accumulated from internal and external stakeholders of Bangladeshi conventional and Islamic banking sectors, ranging from relevant personnel. Six challenges were identified for conventional banks: ‘global financial crisis,’ ‘lack of governance,’ ‘liquidity crisis,’ ‘export-import remittance,’ ‘insufficient banking technology development,’ and ‘employees’ insufficient banking knowledge.’ For Islamic banks, the challenges included ‘lack of governance,’ ‘lack of capital market,’ ‘liquidity crisis,’ ‘lack of Islamic products,’ and ‘employees’ insufficient Islamic banking knowledge.’ The Analytic Hierarchy Process ranked ‘employees’ insufficient banking knowledge’ as the top challenge and ‘reward based on performance’ as the key CSF for conventional banks. For Islamic banks, the most crucial challenge was ‘lack of capital market,’ with ‘ensuring uniformity in Islamic banking practices’ as the main CSF. By addressing these challenges and CSFs, banks can achieve a sustainable competitive advantage, enhancing operational performance and service quality. The developed hierarchical model aims to improve both the competitiveness of banks and the broader economic development of Bangladesh.

This study examines the complex interplay between social and political identity formation among Muslim minorities in Laos and northern Thailand, two regions with distinct socio-political contexts. These diverse communities, comprising descendants of immigrants from Southwest China and South Asia, as well as indigenous hill tribe converts, offer a unique perspective on the integration of minorities. Over the course of six years, extensive fieldwork including interviews, focus groups, and site surveys generated rich qualitative data on these understudied populations. While acknowledging limitations in accessing precise demographic data, this research provides valuable insights into their lived experiences, challenges, and evolving identities. The study pursues two primary objectives: 1) investigating social identity construction and 2) analysing political identities and relationships with the states. The research reveals a complex interplay of internal factors (ethnicity, religious practice, political regime, demographic policies) and external factors (socio-economic opportunities and media influence) that shape identity formation. Specifically, it examines how diverse ethnic origins contribute to varied expressions of Islam and analyses the impact of Laos's single-party system and Thailand's constitutional monarchy on Muslim political participation and religious freedom. Furthermore, it examines how the Ummah concept fosters unity alongside internal variations in jurisprudence. The research also investigates how socio-economic opportunities and media exposure particularly cross-border influences affect integration and perceptions. Finally, it compares and contrasts Muslim political engagement in Laos (limited yet evolving) with that of northern Thai Muslims (greater rights and active participation). This research provides a foundational understanding of Muslim minority communities in Laos and northern Thailand, serving as a valuable resource for future researchers and those interested in these often-overlooked populations. Keywords: Social Identity, Political Identity, Political Participation, Minority

Thousands of surgical procedures are performed daily to repair or replace tissue damaged by disease or trauma, with scaffolds playing a critical role in supporting bone regeneration. However, the clinical application of a scaffold remains challenging, particularly in the treatment of periodontal disease, where bone loss and microbial infection significantly impede the healing process. Tissue engineering aims to overcome these limitations by developing biodegradable scaffolds that not only support tissue regrowth but also deliver therapeutic agents to the defect site. These scaffolds act as temporary templates that guide regeneration while simultaneously preventing infection. Recent advances in nano-assisted drug delivery have enabled localised and sustained drug release, thereby reducing systemic side effects and minimising the risk of antibiotic resistance. This study aimed to develop a biodegradable collagen–chitosan scaffold loaded with metronidazole nanoparticles (CCMNP) for periodontal bone regeneration. The scaffold was fabricated by blending chitosan and collagen at a 70:30 ratio, with MNP incorporated at various concentrations (0–40% w/v). Physical crosslinking was achieved using dehydrothermal treatment. Characterisation of the scaffolds was conducted using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) to assess morphology, pore structure, and pore size. In vitro studies were conducted to assess antibacterial activity, biocompatibility, and cell adhesion. Antibacterial efficacy was tested against Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum using the disc diffusion method. Biocompatibility was evaluated using the 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay with human gingival fibroblasts (HGF-1), and cell adhesion was visualised using FESEM. Based on the in vitro results, the scaffold exhibiting the optimal characteristic was selected for in vivo evaluation. The selected scaffold was implanted into critical-size calvarial bone defects in a rat model. Bone regeneration was assessed after a four-week healing period using histological staining and morphometric analysis. The findings revealed that the 30% w/v MNP-loaded scaffold exhibited desirable physical characteristics, including appropriate pore size and controlled biodegradability. It showed a significant inhibitory effect against the tested periodontal pathogens and promoted the proliferation, viability, and adhesion of HGF-1 cells. In vivo analysis demonstrated enhanced new bone formation at the defect site compared to controls, confirming the scaffold’s regenerative potential. In conclusion, the CC scaffold loaded with 30% w/v MNP demonstrated promising results for periodontal bone regeneration. It offers a targeted, dual action approach by combining antimicrobial protection with structural support for tissue healing. This strategy provides an alternative to conventional systemic antibiotic therapies and contributes to the advancement of scaffold-based regenerative techniques in tissue engineering and dental medicine.

Background: The indigenous Malay Muslim minority in Singapore is disproportionately affected by psychosocial stressors linked to structural inequalities in employment and economic stability. Epidemiological data show that 1 in 6 Malays and Indians, compared to 1 in 8 Chinese, experience poorer mental health. Among Malays, culturally rooted spiritual attributions of mental illness may contribute to delayed help-seeking and lower engagement with conventional psychological interventions. Addressing the need for culturally sensitive interventions, this study has three primary aims: (1) to develop the Islamic Psychology of Self (IPS) module, enabling Asatizah (Islamic religious teachers) to collaborate with mental health practitioners using Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT), a therapy that combines aspects of cognitive behavioural therapy with mindfulness that instils compassion, acceptance and non-judgement; (2a) to investigate the effectiveness of MBCT integrated with the Islamic Psychology of Self (MBCT-IPS) in alleviating psychological distress, improving mental wellbeing, and enhancing self-compassion among Singaporean Malay Muslims; (2b) to assess the appropriateness, acceptability, and feasibility of the intervention; and (3) to explore participants' qualitative experiences with the intervention. Methods: The study was conducted in three phases. Phase 1 involved the development of the IPS module based on the Dharuriyyatil-Khams (Five Basic Essentials) of human needs and Ilmun-Nafs (Knowledge of the Self). Phases 2 and 3 utilised a sequential mixed-method explanatory design. In Phase 2, 80 Malay Muslim participants were randomly assigned to one of three arms: the experimental MBCT-IPS, conventional MBCT, or counselling. Primary outcomes were measured using the Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale (DASS-21). Secondary outcomes included the Positive Mental Health Instrument (PMHI-19), the Self-Compassion Scale–Short Form (SCS-SF12), and post-intervention measures of Acceptability, Appropriateness, and Feasibility (AIM, IAM, FIM). Assessments were conducted at baseline, mid-intervention, post-intervention, and one-month and three-month follow-ups. Analyses used a General Linear Model with intention-to-treat (ITT) and per-protocol (PP) approaches. Phase 3 involved thematic analysis of semi-structured interviews with participants who completed therapy. Results: In Phase 1, the IPS module demonstrated strong expert-rated content validity (I-CVI=0.924) and was successfully pilot-tested with 12 participants. In Phase 2, all three interventions—MBCT, MBCT-IPS, and counselling—led to significant improvements across all outcome measures over time. Comparing mean scores, MBCT-IPS was found to be more effective in reducing DASS-21 depressive symptoms compared to counselling and MBCT based on both ITT and PP analyses. Counselling showed consistent reduction in DASS-21 anxiety symptoms in ITT analysis, outperforming both MBCT and MBCT-IPS, whereas MBCT-IPS demonstrated greater reductions in the PP analysis. MBCT more effective in reducing DASS-21 stress symptoms than both MBCT-IPS and counselling, in both ITT and PP analyses. Counselling showed greater improvements in PMHI-19 compared to MBCT-IPS and MBCT across ITT and PP analyses. For SCS-SF12, ITT analysis revealed that MBCT-IPS was more effective than counselling and MBCT, while PP analysis indicated counselling was more effective than both MBCT-IPS and MBCT. Notably, therapy attrition was highest (61.25%) where therapists were non-Muslims. In Phase 3, participants who completed therapy reported positive experiences, particularly favouring Islamic psychotherapy as culturally relevant, emotionally meaningful, and spiritually aligned with their values. Conclusion: This study underscores the importance of culturally adapted interventions in addressing mental health disparities among minority populations. Findings highlight the potential of integrating Islamic concepts into therapy and fostering collaboration between mental health professionals and Asatizah to enhance treatment acceptability, cultural relevance, and psychological outcomes for Malay Muslims in Singapore.

The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly disrupted global supply chains, heightening consumer concerns regarding food safety and integrity. One critical area of interest is the halal poultry supply chain, particularly the maintenance of halal integrity from production to consumer purchase. Ensuring compliance with halal standards throughout the supply chain remains a key challenge, particularly during manufacturing and distribution. This study aims to address these concerns by identifying critical gaps in the halal poultry supply chain and proposing strategies to enhance its integrity. To examine the integrity of the halal poultry supply chain, this research employs document analysis and thematic analysis. Key regulatory documents analyzed include Manual Prosedur Pensijilan Halal Malaysia (Domestic) 2020 and MS1500:2019 Halal Food General Guidelines (Third Revision). Empirical data were gathered through in-depth interviews with three halal executives from leading halal poultry companies and five halal experts in Malaysia. The findings reveal several critical integrity dimensions purity, hygiene, quality, and safety as well as opportunities for improvement in halal poultry practices. A conceptual framework for integrity in the poultry supply chain, grounded in maq??id al-Shar??ah, is proposed. Thematic analysis of interview data highlights key factors influencing halal integrity, including government regulations and oversight, halal traceability and transparency, industry collaboration and best practices, and consumer confidence and education. While all three halal poultry companies demonstrated strong compliance with halal standards, particularly in animal welfare, slaughtering processes, and halal awareness training, variations in halal control points and monitoring systems were identified. These discrepancies underscore the need for stricter and more standardized oversight. Furthermore, the study finds that the five protections (?ar?riyy?t) of maq??id al-Shar??ah protection of religion, life, intellect, lineage, and wealth are highly relevant to the halal poultry industry. This research provides a comprehensive framework to ensure that poultry products bearing the halal certification genuinely uphold halal integrity. By addressing consumer and stakeholder concerns, the study enhances confidence in the halal poultry supply chain. The findings emphasize the necessity for collaboration among industry players, regulatory bodies, and consumers to safeguard halal integrity at every stage of the supply chain. The proposed strategies aim to strengthen consumer trust, support regulatory enhancements, and contribute to the long-term sustainability of the halal poultry industry in Malaysia and beyond.

In the era of digital communication, Islamic visuals (i.e. images) have become a vital element of dakwah in social media. However, these visuals’ capability to communicate meaningful messages remains a critical concern. This study explores the Islamic visual elaboration process on Instagram amongst Indonesian young adults, and the meaning-making experience amongst the audience regarding those visuals. This research looks into the experiences of the audience, which currently are not accounted for in existing studies that focus more on the quantitative measures to assess dakwah. Based on the information-processing theories of the Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) and Relevance Theory, this study examined user-related aspects (prior knowledge) and content-related aspects (visual appeals and quality of the dakwah message) that influence the audience’s level of elaboration when viewing the images. The research objectives of this study include understanding the role of prior knowledge, identifying relevant visual appeals, determining relevant dakwah messages, and exploring the outcomes of elaboration. This study used a qualitative methodology involving semi-structured in-depth interviews with 30 Indonesian young adults who are active Instagram users and followers of Islamic accounts. The findings revealed that elaboration was influenced by various sources of knowledge such as life experiences and religious education. The visual elements of Instagram dakwah, such as the use of proportioned colours, balanced text-to-image ratio and the use of familiar imagery, assisted in effective elaboration of the dakwah message. Relevant dakwah topics and the strength of the message, which were based on authentic Islamic sources, also play crucial roles in the elaboration process. This study concludes that effective elaboration of dakwah content not only promotes positive attitudinal changes but also leads to prominent behavioural changes amongst young adults. Keywords: Digital Dakwah, Elaboration Likelihood Model, Indonesian Young Adults, Instagram, Islamic Visuals, Relevance Theory, Religious Communication, Social Media.

In the rapidly evolving and technology-driven education sector, private Institutes of Higher Learning (IHLs) must diligently work to retain and expand their customer base. Customer Relationship Management (CRM) has become essential across various business areas, including IHLs. In this digital era, electronic CRM (e-CRM) is more effective than traditional CRM in ensuring customer loyalty. This study explores the impact of e-CRM dimensions on students’ loyalty in Malaysian private higher learning institutions, with e-satisfaction as a mediating factor. The study is grounded in a relevant model and theoretical framework, focusing on the e-CRM dimensions and the mediating role of e-satisfaction on student loyalty. This research investigates the factors influencing student loyalty in Malaysian private IHLs by developing a model that includes six dimensions of e-CRM: customized services (CVS), transaction security/privacy (TSP), alternative payment modes (APM), problem-solving (PS), online feedback (OF), and frequently asked questions (FAQs). The research design is causal and correlational, utilizing questionnaires to gather responses. Data from 460 respondents were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and SMART PLS software. The data were organized, beginning with preliminary analysis, descriptive statistics, and Partial Least Square analysis. PLS-SEM analysis was conducted in two stages: the first stage involved the assessment of the measurement model, and the second stage involved the assessment of the structural model and mediating role effect on the relationship. This research found positive relationships between e-CRM, e-satisfaction, and student loyalty. These results highlight the potential of e-CRM dimensions in enhancing student loyalty via e-satisfaction, encouraging Private IHLs to recognize and leverage these dimensions. Keywords: Student Loyalty, e-Satisfaction, Electronic Customer Relationship Management (e-CRM), Private Institute of Higher Learning (IHL).

Since the financial crisis of 2007-2008, Basel III issued new regulations to enhance the resilience of the banking industry, including robust liquidity guidelines requiring all banks to maintain a net stable funding ratio (NSFR) and liquidity coverage ratio (LCR) of 100% or more. These regulations apply to both conventional and Islamic banks, though Islamic banks face unique challenges due to Shariah compliance requirements on liquidity product structures and mechanisms to avoid usury and highly speculative exposures. This study explores the impact of Basel III liquidity requirements on the stability, profitability, and intermediation cost of banks in Pakistan, focusing on the differences between conventional and Islamic banks. Addressing key gaps, the study examines the differential impact of the financial crisis on conventional and Islamic banks, the Basel Committee's uniform application of standards to both banking systems, and the lack of tailored regulatory standards for Islamic finance. Using a balanced panel data set from 2007-2021, comprising seventeen conventional banks and four full-fledged Islamic banks, various bank-specific and macroeconomic variables are analyzed. The Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) and Driscoll-Kraay covariance estimator are applied to conventional banks, while the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model is used for Islamic banks. Results indicate that for conventional banks, NSFR significantly enhances stability, has no impact on profitability, and reduces intermediation cost, while LCR significantly enhances stability but reduces both profitability and intermediation cost. For Islamic banks, NSFR shows no impact on stability and negatively affects profitability. In contrast, LCR negatively impacts stability and intermediation cost but positively affects profitability. The findings underscore the significant influence of Basel III liquidity requirements on both banking systems, highlighting the need for differentiated regulatory approaches. Policymakers should consider the unique characteristics of Islamic banking when formulating liquidity regulations. The results suggest that while Basel III requirements positively influence stability, they may adversely affect profitability and intermediation cost. This implies that regulators should continue to enforce these regulations to ensure that banks maintain adequate liquidity buffers to withstand financial shocks. Given the distinct impact on Islamic banks, tailored liquidity requirements that better suit Islamic banking products and services are necessary. Encouraging the diversification of funding sources can enhance bank stability, as indicated by the positive impact of NSFR. Additionally, promoting best practices in liquidity risk management, such as stress testing and contingency planning, can enhance banks' resilience to financial shocks. Overall, a balanced approach by policymakers is essential to promote financial stability without compromising the provision of financial services. Moreover, the study highlights the importance of regulatory compliance and the potential benefits of differentiated treatment for Islamic banks to address their unique needs. The emphasis on stability through NSFR and LCR compliance illustrates the trade-offs faced by banks in managing liquidity risks and profitability. The policy implications drawn from this study can guide future regulatory frameworks to ensure the soundness and growth of both conventional and Islamic banking sectors in Pakistan.

Sustainability issues have become critical problems plaguing SMEs worldwide. Undoubtedly, SMEs contribute largely to many countries' development; hence, they should take measures to ensure a sustainable competitive advantage. Based on this concern, this study was conducted to examine the effect of resources (tangible and intangible) on SMEs' sustainability in Malaysia. Dynamic capabilities (digitalisation and humanisation) have been identified as the mediating factor. At the same time, environmental uncertainties were considered as a moderating factor in the relationship between tangible and intangible resources and sustainability. This study applied a quantitative method, which was then supported by a qualitative method. For the quantitative data, questionnaires were distributed to respondents face-to-face and 338 responses were selected using a random sampling method and analysed using SPSS and AMOS. Based on structural equation modelling, the study found that tangible and intangible resources are significantly related to sustainability, and dynamic capabilities mediate the relationship between tangible and intangible resources and sustainability. In addition, environmental uncertainties play a moderate role in the relationship between tangible and intangible resources and sustainability. Qualitative data were then collected through interviews to support and explore the results obtained through this quantitative analysis. A total of 5 subject matter experts were involved in the interview. The result highlights the importance of practical resources and capabilities, learning new technologies and practices, enhancing dynamic resources, valuing tangible and intangible resources, and humanisation and digitalisation towards ensuring SMEs' sustainability. The results also support the mediation role of dynamic capabilities and the moderation of environmental uncertainties in the relationship between resource capabilities (tangible and intangible) and SMEs' sustainability. Furthermore, the study's findings assert that adopting proactive risk assessment frameworks can help stakeholders in Malaysian SMEs strengthen their support for sustainable growth by identifying and classifying potential financial, operational, market, and environmental risks by employing techniques like SWOT analysis and PESTEL analysis. It also helps by evaluating the probability and consequences of identified risks using qualitative and quantitative approaches, ranking risks according to their potential impact on business operations, creating and executing plans to reduce known risks, creating backup plans for critical risks to maintain business operations, keeping a constant watch on the risk environment and the effectiveness of mitigation strategies. The findings highlight the need to assist SMEs in implementing and managing the risk assessment framework by frequently updating the framework to align with changes in the business environment, delivering continual training on risk management and assessment methods to small and medium-sized enterprise (SME) owners and managers and providing support in the form of consultation and advisory services. The findings also suggest the benefits of establishing two-way communications between government agencies and Malaysian SMEs, sharing information and addressing the need for support, public trust, and business owners' awareness. Lastly, this study's findings can support SMEs and other related firms in ensuring sustainability and guide the government in developing policies related to SMEs and other related agencies

The global surge in obesity, metabolic syndrome, and type 2 diabetes has driven a corresponding rise in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), an advanced form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Despite advancements in understanding its complex pathophysiology, NASH treatment options are limited. Current interventions primarily involve lifestyle changes, such as weight loss and exercise, and pharmacological agents which often present adverse effects, and no medication has been approved specifically for NASH. This highlights the urgent need for alternative therapeutic strategies. Tualang Honey (TH), a natural Malaysian product rich in antioxidants such as flavonoids and phenolic acids, represents a potential option for better NASH management. Previous studies have demonstrated TH's efficacy in improving liver enzymes and lipid profiles, particularly in animal models. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying its hepatoprotective properties remain poorly understood. This study investigated the molecular mechanisms underlying the attenuation of NASH through TH supplementation in a high-cholesterol diet (HCD)-induced NASH animal model. Twenty-five male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into five groups of 5 rats each: a normal control group (Group 1) fed with normal diet for 20 weeks and four groups fed a 12% HCD for 16 weeks to induce NASH, followed by four weeks of 12% HCD without TH (Group 2), 12% HCD and TH supplementation at doses of 1.2 g/kg/day (Group 3), moderate dose of 2.4 g/kg/day (Group 4), and high dose of 3.0 g/kg/day (Group 5). Histological examinations, biochemical assessment, immunohistochemical analyses, and gene expression profiling were conducted, followed by pathway analysis and validation of targeted gene expression. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by Tukey's least significant difference (LSD) post hoc test to identify group differences. The 12% HCD induced mild NASH, as evidenced by increased relative liver weight, presence of steatosis and inflammation in liver tissue samples, hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, as well as increased ?-SMA expression and TUNEL assay positive staining in the liver sections of Group 2. TH supplementation at 2.4 g/kg/day dose improved liver gross morphology, significantly reduced total triglycerides, activated hepatic stellate cells and apoptotic liver cells. Microarray analysis revealed ten most significant upregulated and 10 most downregulated genes involved in oxidative stress, immune response, lipid metabolism, and cellular injury repair in the TH-treated animals. Further pathway analysis demonstrated three key mechanisms underpinning TH's hepatoprotective effects: (1) lipid and cholesterol metabolism (2) antioxidant and anti-inflammatory pathways, and (3) glucose and energy metabolism. Notably, the significant upregulation of the aldehyde dehydrogenase (Aldh) gene at 2.4 g/kg/day compared to the HCD group indicates enhanced aldehyde detoxification processes with TH supplementation. Meanwhile, a significantly reduced suppression at 2.4g/kg/day of the interferon regulatory factor 2 (Irf2) gene aligns with an attenuated inflammatory response. Conversely, high-dose TH (3.0 g/kg/day) exhibited paradoxical effects, as the histology, biochemical profiles and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrate findings resembling NASH pathology. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that the hepatoprotective effects of TH in a 12% HCD-induced NASH animal model were most pronounced at the moderate dose of 2.4 g/kg/day. Lipid and cholesterol metabolism, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and glucose and energy metabolism pathways were identified as the primary molecular pathways supporting these effects, highlighting the therapeutic potential of TH at optimal dosage.

Islam began to spread in South Korea, particularly after the Korean War (1950-53), especially at Seoul, the main metropolitan city in the country. Since most literature on Islam and Muslims centred on Seoul, there is limited work, especially in English, on Islam and Muslim community in Busan. Even the actual number of Muslims residing there remains inconclusive despite their existence since 1976. Similarly, not much information is available on the condition of the Muslims, including the negative perception held or treatment shown towards the group by the non-Muslim population in the city. Thus, this research aims to introduce the Muslim community in the south tip of South Korea called Busan, which is not known to many, by focusing on the role and contributions of local and foreign Muslim individuals and organisations in developing the Muslim community in the city. With the establishment of Al-Fatah Busan Mosque in 1980, the Muslim community in Busan started to flourish slowly, which saw an increasing number of Muslims, local and foreign, as well as of mosques and Islamic centres. Known as the south gate to South Korea that is famous for its booming seaport activities and various modern industries, Busan has attracted many foreign workers from all around the world, including Muslims from Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Uzbekistan, and others, which consequently contributed to the development of Muslim community there. Hence, the research would like to examine the relationship development between Korean and foreign Muslims in Busan and discover the problems and challenges faced by the community as well as future prospects. Using qualitative approach i.e., interviews, observation, and secondary sources, the study provides information on the under-studied topic gathered from different figures and individuals directly involved with establishing and developing the Muslim community in Busan. Information was also derived from non-Muslim South Koreans’ views of Islam and Muslims in South Korea. The findings demonstrated close cooperation between local and foreign Muslims in Busan, best exemplified in various Islamic organisations that exist and are run by both groups in the city. That said, Muslims in Busan are not exempted from problems that make their lives difficult and serve as obstacles for da’wah activities towards non-Muslims. Finally, the study highlights the prospect of the Muslim community in Busan, hoping that with certain incentives and greater efforts, the community will thrive in the future.

The pressure in the base area of the enlarged duct and the backward-facing step of any moving projectile is usually less than the ambient pressure. It is essential to decrease the base drag by raising the base pressure. The present investigation is concerned with controlling base pressure using an annular cavity in the enlarged duct as a passive control mechanism. This investigative work will be valuable for space & defense and automobile engineering, as a stream is split at the blunt base. The computational fluid dynamics (CFD) investigation has been carried out in this research to examine the effect of expansion level, cavity size, and location on controlling base pressure. The variable quantities for the analysis are the nozzle pressure ratio (NPR), Mach number (M), cavity location (C), area ratio, and length-to-diameter (L/D) ratio of the duct. The theoretical framework establishes three conditions for the stream through a convergent-divergent nozzle: ideal expansion, under-expansion, and over-expansion. These conditions are intricately linked to the behavior of the boundary layer, reattachment length, and the strength of the primary vortex, all of which influence base pressure values. The study reveals nuanced insights by applying this framework to three specific area ratios (2.89, 4, and 5.29). For an area ratio of 2.89, cavity placement at 0.5D proves highly effective in regulating base pressure, showcasing the significance of Mach number, L/D ratio, NPR, and cavity location. The cavity's efficiency is attributed to its ability to counteract over-expansion conditions, impacting reattachment length and the strength of the primary vortex. For an area ratio of 4.0, the cavity demonstrates viability for base flow control at NPR = 4, with negligible impact at other NPR values due to over-expansion or highly under-expanded conditions. The study underscores the substantial influence of duct diameter, Mach number, L/D ratio, NPR, and cavity location on base pressure control, as evidenced in Taguchi's main effect plots. For an area ratio of 5.29, the cavity's effectiveness in manipulating base pressure is highlighted at NPR values of 4 and 6 for Mach numbers 1.2 and 1.4. The research underscores the intricate interplay between cavity placement, NPR values, and Mach numbers, revealing the complex relationship governing base pressure manipulation. In conclusion, this research provides valuable insights into the intricate flow dynamics within an enlarged duct. It emphasizes the pivotal role of cavity placement, NPR values, and Mach numbers in influencing base pressure, offering practical guidance for optimizing duct designs in engineering applications. The findings acknowledge the nuanced interactions of various parameters in controlling base pressure, contributing to a deeper understanding of this complex fluid dynamics phenomenon.

This study addresses the often overlooked and understudied issue of statelessness among indigenous communities in Sarawak, particularly those living in rural areas. Sarawak's historical and cultural dynamics have resulted in the marginalization and dispersion of ethnic minorities, making statelessness a constant and challenging issue. The primary objectives of this study are to investigate the causes and repercussions of statelessness among indigenous people, comprehend the viewpoints of a various of stakeholders, including NGOs, researchers, activists, and government servants, and emphasize the socio-legal obstacles that these communities encounter in their pursuit of citizenship. This research utilizes a qualitative methodology, incorporating ethnographic techniques such as in-depth interviews, participant observations, and case studies to fully understand the lived realities of stateless people and families. The research comprises accounts from various individuals to illustrate the complex nature of statelessness in Sarawak. The primary findings indicate that statelessness within Sarawak's indigenous groups is profoundly entrenched in historical, legal, and administrative subtleties. Major contributing causes include the intergenerational transmission of statelessness, a lack of birth registration, complexities arising from religious conversions and reversions, and unrecorded adat (customary) marriages. Geographical isolation, poverty, and restricted access to information and government services have contributed to the severity of these issues. The repercussions are wide-ranging, affecting access to education, healthcare, employment, and fundamental human rights, resulting in persistent cycles of poverty, social marginalisation, and psychological misery. Insights from stakeholders, including NGOs, researchers, activists, and government officials, reveal the structural obstacles and legal uncertainties perpetuating statelessness, which underlines the necessity for more inclusive and culturally sensitive policy initiatives. The study contributes anthropological insight into the intersection of legal frameworks with cultural practices and identity politics, providing a comprehensive understanding of statelessness in Sarawak. The study presents a thorough examination of the topic, advocating for specific legislative reforms that acknowledge the distinct challenges encountered by indigenous populations. It advocates for a methodology that honours cultural variety and advances social justice, intending to educate policymakers, NGOs, and stakeholders on efficacious measures to mitigate and diminish statelessness in the region.

The traditional uses of the family Zingiberaceae have a long history and include everything from folk medicine to culinary applications. Numerous ginger species have been the subject of numerous phytochemical, pharmacological, and molecular studies worldwide. Curcumin is a yellow–orange pigment that occurs naturally in turmeric is insoluble in water and ether but soluble in ethanol, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and acetone. The study of curcumin yellow pigment in kunyit (Curcuma longa) have been reported by many researchers but not from other taxon in Zingiberaceae. Therefore, this study was implemented to explore and investigate in greater depth of curcumin extracted form twelve ginger species in a wide range of rhizome flesh colour as a potential natural colourant for food packaging or halal bioactive material for cosmetic in halal market. HPLC analysis was used to identify and quantify curcumin pigment from twelve ginger species using three different extraction methods (chemical, alkaline, and DMSO). DPPH and MIC test were used to measure the antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activities, while UV-Vis spectrophotometer and CIELAB colorimeter were used to measure the curcumin chromaticity stability. The results established that kunyit (C. longa), a dark orange-fleshed rhizome, was found to have the highest curcumin content (578.38 ± 6.37 μg/g DW) and demonstrated substantially the highest DPPH scavenging activity of 98.43% inhibition at the concentration of 1 mg/mL. The MIC antimicrobial test established that the highest antimicrobial inhibitory activity was obtained from the extract of dark orange-fleshed rhizome of temu emas (C. heyneana) which recorded the lowest MIC values ranged from 2 to 3 μg/μL against all five pathogenic microorganisms. These findings also highlighted that different extraction method and rhizome flesh colour can influence the antimicrobial activities and DPPH scavenging activity. Effects of salinity, pH, ultraviolet and heat on chromaticity stability of curcumin, PLA-curcumin, PVA-curcumin and chitosan-curcumin coatings extracted from temu Lawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) using CIELAB analysis revealed that dark condition exhibited a better and stable colour degradation (approximately 40%) in all curcumin concentrations (1, 2 and 3 mg/mL) as compared to light condition. Overall, the dark condition was preferable and stable for the curcumin brightness and slower the degradation percentage. The chromaticity values showed a maximum in PLA-curcumin coating as compared to curcumin and other packaging materials. The colour of curcumin was more stable at lower concentrations of NaCl (1 mg/mL and 3 mg/mL) as compared to a higher concentration (5 mg/mL). In addition, lower pH (3, 5 and 7) showed the best chromaticity stability than higher pH (9 and 11).

Misbehaviour among pupils is a growing concern in Maldivian lower secondary schools. Despite the increasing worries of teachers, parents, and educational leaders, limited research has explored how teachers' leadership traits and communication styles influence student behaviour. This study addresses this gap by examining the correlation between these factors in preventing misbehaviour. Due to a scarcity of literature in the Maldivian context, this research provides crucial insights into student misbehaviour and its prevention. The study focuses on teachers' leadership traits (extraversion, openness, agreeableness, neuroticism, and conscientiousness) and communication styles (assertiveness and responsiveness). It also explores whether these traits vary by demographic factors such as gender, educational qualification, and teaching experience and whether these factors moderate their effect on student misbehaviour. The study utilized a quantitative cross-sectional survey methodology, with 339 government schoolteachers participating in the research. A proportional stratified random sampling method was used, involving 149 male and 190 female teachers. The data was collected via an online questionnaire and was analysed using Pearson’s r correlation coefficient, Independent Samples t-tests, ANOVA, and Multiple Linear Regression with moderation analysis. This study reveals a significant correlation between teachers' leadership traits and communication style with misbehaviour prevention, highlighting communication style as the most influential predictor of effective classroom management. Teachers with 5-10 years of experience are more conscientious, while those with 0-5 years exhibit more neurotic behaviour. Notably, teachers’ gender, qualifications, and experience do not moderate the relationship between teachers' leadership traits, communication styles and misbehaviour prevention. This study contributes to educational planning and management strategies to reduce student misbehaviour in Maldivian schools. Future research should employ mixed-method approaches, conduct longitudinal studies, include private schools, integrate student perspectives, and expand to all educational levels. These findings provide valuable guidance for educators and policymakers in improving classroom management and discipline strategies. Keywords Student Misbehaviour, Teacher Leadership Traits, Communication Styles, Preventing Student Misbehaviour, Secondary School.

This study examines the worldview of al-imarah through the semantics of its root ʼmr that was shared between two periods of history in Peninsular Arabia: pre-Islamic and Islamic Arabia. The rationale behind such an attempt originates from the need to expand the scope of al- imarah beyond the normative Islamic political-epistemic discourse, which had often restricted this concept within a specific Islamic political system. Secondly, it is remarkable to see that there has never been a comprehensive study on semantical aspects of this concept, despite many assertions have rendered the possibility of the existence of some form of al- imarah before the Islamic period through other derivations of the root ʼmr, such as primarily suggested by Ibn Khaldun. By conceptualising the framework through a comparative epistemology approach, this study provides another sphere of examination upon that very concept apart from the standard political epistemic, which is attainable through semantics. In doing so, this study employs three different methodologies of analysis: conceptual, thematic, and content analysis. Philosophically, the conceptual analysis serves as the main methodology guiding this study in abstracting the worldview of al- imarah through the root ʼmr. The thematic analysis helps this study in gathering the attestations of the root ʼmr within two semantical sources relative to those two periods above, which comprise the primary sources of the pre-Islamic Arabia and Islamic-Arabic lexicography. On the other hand, the content analysis functions as the main methodology for analysing the data throughout this study. The constructed worldview comprises of two parts, the particular and the general worldview. The former serves as the respective worldview peculiar to each of the sources that had attested to the root, which consists of the different connotations of the root ʼmr from sacred-divination, secular-shepherding, and sacred-secular. Meanwhile, the latter is the abstract worldview shared by all three connotations before, which forms the synthesis and the most cardinal component for the whole finding of this study. It includes the abstract meaning of ẓuhur (visibility), the abstract function of al-riʻayah (shepherding), and the abstract mode of epistemic authority. The distinctive element of this study lies mostly in how it helps provide new perspective, trajectory, or even approach in assessing and understanding al- imarah, which seems to have withered and restricted institutionally within several Gulf countries. In particular, the construed abstraction may serve its importance in rejuvenating the discourse of al- imarah in certain fields, at least through bypassing the normative political-epistemic takes.

The concept of wet nursing in Malaysia has evolved into a socially structured and institutionalized practice fraught with tremendous religious and legal implications. This study investigated the current situation of milk kinship, considering whether wet nurses and nurslings and their families continue or not these significant relationships. There is a dire shortage of “religious” interaction between milk kinship relatives even though Islam places great importance in family relationships. The relation was often in the name of exchanging legal documents such as birth certificate, and identification card. This raises questions as to how these connections will be documented; and sustained for future generations and whether the religious obligations of this Sunnah practice were being fulfilled correctly. The objectives of this study were to identify and analyse al-Qurʾan verses and ahadith on the Prophet Muḥammad’s, peace be upon him, ways of interacting with milk kinship; to explore the wet nurse phenomenon in Malaysia, to investigate how family ties between milk kinship were maintained; and to explain the implications of wet nursing practice in Malaysia. This study is significant for the literature on the maintenance of milk kinship. Moreover, this study is necessary not only in social policy terms (as a duty to prevent potential problems such as milk siblings marrying each other unknowingly), but also because it is closely related to the aims and obligations of Maqaṣid al-Shariʿah, particularly ḥifz al-nasb. It employed a qualitative approach by combining Islamic scholarly tradition with modern phenomenological research methods. Content and thematic analysis were used to examine relevant Qur’anic verses and ahadith on wet nursing to establish a strong religious foundation for understanding milk kinship. An exploratory phenomenological approach was employed to explore further the lived experiences of seven wet nurses and six birth mothers of the nursed children. Data was collected using a series of in-depth semi-structured interviews, to dig into their understanding of wet nursing, why wet nursing was an option people pursued and looked at how relationships were maintained as well as what precautions have been applied to prevent future problems, such as the risk of marriage between milk siblings. Thematic analysis was employed to analyse the collected data which was transcribed verbatim. The study found that wet nurses and birth mothers had a basic understanding of milk kinship and its implications; and the formed milk relationships were largely transactional with little emotional connection. Wet nurses had generally limited contact with the families of whom they breastfed, often just on social media or phone calls via WhatsApp. The transactional relationships were only between wet nursed children and their milk mothers neglecting the milk mothers’ extended family who are the maḥram of the wet nursed children. These findings have important outcomes beyond mere academic debates and affect both the Muslim community and policy makers. Rather than addressing the issue of milk kinship in general, this study answers a more specific question concerning the religious and legal parameters surrounding wet nursing that is necessary to understand of what it means to be connected by milk kinship with someone. This study sheds light on the requirement for broader education and tighter legislation so that milk kinship continues to be maintained appropriately based on the Sunnah of Prophet Muḥammad. The findings also set the stage for developing policies that conserve this relationship according to the spiritual and social obligations of Muslim society in Malaysia. The study stresses the need for a fresh look into ethical and legal considerations of wet nursing rooted in Islamic law and tradition of Prophet Muḥammad, peace be upon him.

The study broadly aimed to examine the factors that affect the working capital management efficiency of firms belonging to OIC and Non-OIC countries. The study also examined whether a difference exists in the working capital management (WCM) efficiency of the firms belonging to OIC and Non-OIC countries. Also, the study examined the impact of various firm-level and macroeconomic variables of WCM efficiency in OIC and Non-OIC countries. Lastly, the study examined the differential impact of firm-level and macroeconomic determinants on the WCM efficiency in OIC and Non-OIC countries in recession and boom states of the economy. To achieve these objectives, the study adopted an exploratory and descriptive research design. The firm-level data for the study has been collected from the COMPUSTAT database and the data on macroeconomic variables has been collected from the World Bank development indicator database. For sampling a purposive sampling technique was adopted wherein the researcher would select the sample firms from the COMPUSTAT database belonging to OIC and Non-OIC countries. The final sample consists of firms belong to 18 OIC countries and 35 Non-OIC countries. The data for the study was collected for a period of 22 years (2000-2021). The study estimated the models by using econometric panel data methodology. The study made an investigative check for heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation, multicollinearity, and the presence of outliers and accordingly produced robust estimates. The study runs analysis on full-sample, OIC sample and Non-OIC sample to make best comparison. They found that WCM efficiency differs significantly between firms in OIC and Non-OIC countries, with OIC firms generally exhibiting lower efficiency. Firm-level factors such as profitability, firm size, tangibility, leverage, cash flow, sales growth and firm age, have significant impacts on working capital management (WCM) efficiency in both OIC and Non-OIC countries, but the magnitude and direction of these impacts often differ between the two groups. Macroeconomic factors, including money supply, stock market development, inflation, GDP growth and interest rates, also influence WCM efficiency, with their effects varying between OIC and Non-OIC countries. The impact of both firm-level and macroeconomic determinants on WCM efficiency differs during recession and boom periods, with these differences being more pronounced in OIC countries. It shows that Islamic financial principles in OIC countries appear to influence working capital management practices, often leading to more conservative approaches compared to Non-OIC countries. The study highlights key implications for financial managers, policymakers, and researchers. Financial managers in OIC countries need to align working capital strategies for better efficiency. Policymakers should consider these unique challenges when designing economic policies. For researchers, this opens new avenues to explore the intersection of cultural, religious, and economic factors in financial management.