This study aims to investigate the vocabulary learning strategies used by Arabic leaners at the International Islamic University Malaysia. It also compares between the Arabic and non- Arabic majoring students in the use of these strategies. The sample of this study was 313 students from different levels of study. The completed a ‘Vocabulary Learning Strategies Questionnaire’ by Pavicic Takac (2008) which consisted of three different components: Formal strategies, self- initiated independent strategies and incidental strategies. The results indicate that Arabic learners used a variety of vocabulary learning strategies with using dictionary being the most widely employed. No statistically significant difference was found between the Arabic and non-Arabic majoring learners. The findings provide support in helping students to utilize their mother tongue in a fruitful way to learn new vocabulary as well as train both groups equally on how to use these strategies efficiently.

Text linguistics focuses on the study of language, specifically analysing texts as significant linguistic units, alongside examining other elements, with particular emphasis on textual coherence. The researcher decided to solve the problem; where the research questions are represented in defining text linguistics and its objectives, exploring cohesion and coherence concepts along with their methodologies, distinguishing between these concepts, assessing their impact on text consistency, analysing how specific tools contribute to maintaining consistency in the hadith of the Prophet in the book of Riyad as-Salihin, and evaluating the cohesion and coherence of the hadith within the text. This study used descriptive analytical and the semantic approach by collecting and analyzing data related to this study. This study reached important results, including: reference is considered one of the most important tools that prove the textual cohesion in the hadiths of Riyad as-Salihin and it appeared clearly in the hadith from the results of the analysis. Substitution and ellipsis are among the important tools of cohesion in the construction of the text, it has been found in the hadith and had an impact in understanding the prophetic text. Both past and modern scholars are also concerned with it and it had a great role in clarifying the meaning and resolve the confusion with regard to ambiguity in the texts especially when the word or sentence have more than one meaning. Besides, as-Siyaq can be found in the hadith and it has an impact on understanding the prophetic text. Other than that, at-Taghrid embodies the entire text unit and it applies to the hadiths in the book Riyad as-Salihin. Lastly is the Ijmal and Tafsil, al-Umum and al-Khusus tool also have been found in the hadiths analysed.

The aim of the study is to highlight the linguistic interaction between Arabic and Kurdish language, as it exposes the features of this contact and the factors and results that generally ensued. The study focuses on the common impact between the two languages through uncovering the origins of the impact, its characteristics and factors. The researcher proceeds to find out about the aspects of influence of Arabic language on the Islamic discourse and classic Kurdish poetry via a linguistic computational research. The researcher carries the study with the assistance of some computational programs to narrow down the areas of influence in the corpus of “Kutub Tahsin al-Duski Fi al-Khitab al-Dini wa al-Shii’r al-Kurdi” –designed for the study- through induction and prospection in order to identify the degree of relationship between the two languages and later detect the extent of influence of Arabic on the Islamic discourse and Kurdish classic poetry ; notwithstanding, the two languages do not belong to the same family. To achieve that goal, the research adopts three approaches; through the descriptive method, the focus is on the interaction between the languages, particularly the Arabic and Kurdish languages, whereby the researcher described the textual records of both along with the issues they faced before addressing the research sample. Via the computational inductive method, the areas of influence are enumerated after which the research is analyzed through an analytical approach the areas of contact at the levels: phonological, morphological, structural and semantic; the researcher also analyses the figures and ratios in relation to the study. The findings of study are many, amongst which the result that the Kurdish language borrowed a lot of Arabic terms, commonly written as in the original language in classic poetry and Islamic discourse albeit the Arabic letters are not found in the Kurdish alphabet; another finding shows that the authors of Kurdish dictionaries neglected recording many commonly used Arabic terms by the Kurds but only mentioned the “kurdishized”; in addition, it is found that the Arabic linguistic field by neglecting the spoken dialects led to it being influenced by the Kurdish language in the common areas at many levels of the language. The final finding is the fact that Arabic faces numerous complex issues in computerization some of which are transferred to the Kurdish language as it uses the Arabic letters in one of its alphabets.

The phenomenon of linguistic fossilisation in the interlanguage occurs among most language learners and it appears in common and repetitive linguistic errors of advanced students. This study aims to discover the types of grammatical errors and the types of grammatical fossilisation in individual written assignments and the Final Year Projects (FYP) among final year Arabic language students in International Islamic University Malaysia, and to find out their point of view on grammatical fossilisation and their awareness of this phenomenon. This research is based on the content analysis approach using a qualitative research method with document analysis and semi-structured interviews as a data collection tool. The participating students are Malay Arabic language students who are in the final year of their bachelor’s degree at International Islamic University Malaysia in Semester 1 2022/2023. The results of the study demonstrated that there are 9 types of grammatical errors presented in the writing of the participants, which consist of 31 types of grammatical errors patterns overall; 15 of them are permanent fossilized grammatical errors, and the remaining 16 patterns are temporary fossilised grammatical errors. The results of this study indicated that there are four aspects of the reasons for the occurrence of grammatical fossilisation in the students’ point of view, which are psychological factors, educational factors, social factors, and linguistic factors, which contain 15 sections of reasons in total. This study benefits Arabic learners and teachers to raise their awareness about the phenomenon of grammatical fossilisation.

Interlanguage is a natural phenomenon among second-language learners. Through interlanguage, incorrect linguistic elements as well as errors can be improved into correct linguistic elements. This study aimed to discover the types of positive and negative interlanguage in the use of Masdar in writing among Arabic language students at International Islamic University Malaysia, particularly how using the Masdar affects students’ interlanguage processes in writing. This study utilised the qualitative research method, using document analysis of students’ writing and semi-structured interviews as the main data collection methods. The study’s sample was Arabic Language students in the second and third year of their bachelor’s degree during Semester I 2023/2024. The study found that the types of positive interlanguage in the use of Masdar in the student’s writing among Arabic language students exceeds the types of negative interlanguage in the use of Masdar in their writing. The types of positive interlanguage in the use of Masdar reached fifty-two patterns, while the types of negative interlanguage in the use of Masdar were twenty-four patterns. The findings indicate that three interlanguage processes influenced students’ writing when using the correct form of Masdar: language transfer, transfer of training, and second-language learning strategies. On the other hand, the interlanguage processes that affected them while using the wrong form of Masdar in their writing included all the aforementioned processes, with an added element of overgeneralization. The study concluded with several recommendations to improve the use of Masdar in writing, particularly among Arabic Language students

This paper starts with the assumption that translation -when applied correctly- can be used as a means of teaching foreign language. The idea –teaching foreign language via translation- raises criticism and condemnation due to the misunderstanding that it is similar to traditional method of teaching specifically grammar translation method. Therefore, the researcher tries to investigate the role of translation and its potential contributions to the field of teaching Arabic as a second language. To identify the results, the researcher analyzed learners’ reaction and acceptance to the use of translation in the classroom through descriptive and analytical methods on 53 undergraduate students of Arabic Department, International Islamic University Malaysia. The analysis was done by analyzing their translation works and answers in their questionnaires. In general, results of the study show a positive reception of translation, more specifically, it has been proven that translation helped learners to improve their understanding of Arabic language and advance their proficiency level. The efficiency and benefit of translation not was only found in the four main languages skills (listening, speaking, reading and writing), butalso in other language areas such as vocabulary, grammar, morphology, writing style and others. It seems that common mistakes committed by learners either at word level, word order or writing style can be overcome with the help of translation. At the end of the study, some recommendations on how to use translation correctly and effectively were given.

This study aims to investigate the literary lives of the Arab poet Gibran Khalil Gibran and the Chinese poet Xu Zhimo to identify the roots of charm of their poetry and their artistic expressions on love. The study tries to answer the following important questions: What are the general characteristics of free poem in both the Arabic and the Chinese worlds? What are the similarities and differences between their experiences and their ways in artistic expression? What are factors those inlfuenced the literary character of both? Accordingly, the researcher started by introducing the two roots of poets Gibran Khalil Gibran and Xu Zhimo and analyzing the factors that affected their compositions. The research also analyzes the poems in wich both of the expression of their expperiences and indicated the artistic creativity of each and the impact of their culture background on their poems. Finally, it reveals the similarities and differences between their experiences either in the artistic expression or the content. The study recommends carrying out more comparative studies between Arabic and Chinese literature because a lot of precious literary works are still in need to be studied and even translated from one language to the other.

The study aims to identify the psychological and social implications of the dialogues in Surah Yusuf in the Qur'an, which has great importance linguistically in an effort to reflect on the meanings of Qur'anic verses. The researcher chose Surah Yusuf because it is the only surah that contains the story of Prophet Yusuf and the dialogue between the different characters during his time. There is no other surah in the Qur'an that tells us the story of Prophet Yusuf. The study used qualitative method that depends on descriptive and analytical approaches, focusing on the treatment of the phenomena of the dialogue in Surah Yusuf by categorizing the events in sequence, explaining the characteristics of the dialogue and determining its implications. One of the most important findings is that the psychological connotations played an important role in portraying the story of Prophet Yusuf, where the brunt of emotions rose during the severity of the tribulations faced by Prophet Yusuf and dropped when he was freed from such calamities. The social implications, despite their limited presence, brought in total harmony with the psychological significance and strengthened the sense to produce a significant impact on readers in understanding the meanings that have been revealed in this surah.

This research aims to study mutual political messages between the Umayyad ruling party and the opposition parties, the artistic and literary characteristics to those messages, and the biographies of famous writers and personalities of literature during the Umayyad period. After those messages were formalized, they were later named as the Sultanates; in some cases, they were addressed as public or private at different levels. Some subjects were related to the policy of the State of Umayyad, its rules and regulations, and the conduct of affairs of the society, its rulers, and the organization in relation to other countries. Political messages prosperously flourished during this period because many of those who wrote them had high eloquence and communiqué. Amongst the things that helped the emergence and development of these messages during that period were the continuation of conquests on the outskirts of the state and the multiplicity of Umayyad political parties including the Shiite party, the Khawarij party and the Zubayrien party as these parties had ongoing political conflicts among themselves. In addition, there were also differences between the princes of the Umayyad Caliphate and the state of the covenant mandate. The researcher employed the inductive, the analytical and the descriptive approaches to gain an accurate induction, analysis and description of these messages that encompassed all the political events that had helped to spread them during the Umayyad rule in a scholarly structure.

Vocabulary knowledge is considered as an important aspect in reading comprehension. However, students often faced a problem when they encountered unknown words during reading. One of the strategy to overcome this problem is by using lexical inferencing strategy. Therefore, the researcher studied the association between vocabulary knowledge and lexical inferencing in reading comprehension among Arabic language students in IIUM. This research seeks to look for possibilities of co-relations between vocabulary knowledge and lexical inferencing in reading comprehension, statistically significant difference between male and female in vocabulary knowledge as well as between male and female in lexical inferencing. The respondents were 30 male and 30 female students. Each students were given two types of test to measure their vocabulary knowledge and lexical inferencing as a mean of data collection. Data were then analysed through Pearson correlation coefficient and T-test. The result identified that there is a positive relationship between vocabulary knowledge and lexical inferencing. However, no statistically significant difference can be found between male and female in both vocabulary knowledge and lexical inferencing.

The purpose of the current study is to identify common Arabic words in the academic field through Arabic Corpus. These words are available in the “Arabic Concordancer”. Based on the research objectives, this research reviewed numerous numbers past research on Corpus (Arabic and non-Arabic) to discover the existing corpus after the revision of the three divisions of Arabic word groups: nouns, verbs, and connectives to distinguish between these common words in order to analyse the available data. The significance of this research is to assist students to use common words in the correct phrases in the academic fields: Arabic Language Studies and Islamic Studies through the observation of the selected words contained in the corpus. This study was conducted by using descriptive computational analytical methodology to suit the nature of the research which requires computational analysis to analyse the common words as well as to indicate the specific linguistic characteristics. The results show that the highest frequency of words used are the connectives compared to nouns and verbs. The frequency of repeated word in the first one hundred words are connectives with 572,941 followed by nouns 397,264 and verbs 38,451. These were categoried based on the specific characteristic in the linguistic area. Research also found that there are some ambiguous words due to the lack of harakat (phonetic aid) and tagging used in this corpus. These words are (إذ، إذا، إن، أن، أي، بين، حول، دون، عبد، علم، غير، قبل، لم، ما، من). This study elaborates the ambiguities that exist in these words so that it may benefit learners in understanding them better.

This study aims to evaluate the cultural content of the book "Al-Arabiya Bayna Yadyaka” through the development of common standards between Rushdi Ahmed To'eima’s standards, the standards of the American Council of Teachers of Foreign Languages, and the standards of the common European framework; the mentioned standards have achieved widespread use and exchange among interested parties and experts, both in the teaching of foreign languages or in the teaching of Arabic to non-native speakers. From this perspective, the researcher starts by defining culture, its essence, its determinants and its standards. He then exposes and discusses the three abovementioned criteria, to later present the reasons behind selecting each of them and pursues that by offering an explanatory introduction to the book "Al-Arabiya Bayna Yadyaka "; after which the currency and reality of the book’s cultural content are also explained. Finally, the researcher establishes an instrument to evaluate the cultural content of the book from the three criteria. In the evaluation process, Excel was chosen as the instrument. It is hoped that this study will be a new nucleus for the development of modern tools and innovation in evaluating books that teach Arabic to non-native speakers, and avoid patterning in evaluation; this would raise the level of the preparation of Arabic teaching books to non-native speakers. This would also be positively reflected in turn on the level of Arabic learners who are non-native. The study reached significant results, including: the importance of the mixed selected Arab, American and European standards in the assessment of the cultural content of the book; the book has proved that its cultural content is compatible with most international standards for evaluation, and the book needs to be complemented with some additions and amendments in its cultural content in order to address its shortcomings.

This study aims to discover the characteristics of Uninflected Words and its’ types in the famous Hadith book Riyadus Salihin by Imam Al-Nawawi. It focuses on all types of Uninflected Words that can be found in matan hadith (main content) without referring to the sanad hadith (men who had heard the hadith from Prophet Muhammad p.b.u.h). The methodology used in the research is descriptive and analytical in order to answer the following research question: What are the types and characteristics of Uninflected Words contained in the Hadiths in Riyadus Salihin? In fact, the Uninflected Words are categorized based on its’ noun, adjective or wazan and were divided into 11 basic types. This study found several valuable findings, one of which is that almost all the Uninflected Words in Riyadus Salihin have no distinctive rules as had been stated by previous scholars where are all of these words are signed with fatha if majrur and free from alif lam at-ta’rif and idhafah. However, there are some differences in Uninflected Words from Riyadus Salihin in terms of its’ quantity such as that most nouns contained in the book come from the nouns in wazan (أ ف عْ ل ) like ism tafdhil (preference/favoring nouns), and the least number of nouns is the noun constructed from two words that become one. There is also one type that is not found in the Riyadus Salihin which is word (أُخَر ).

This research aims to study the relationship between debate and speaking skill in Arabic as a second language at the International Islamic University Malaysia. This research seeks to answer three main inquiries requires: (1) Is there a relationship between debate and development of Arabic speaking skill? (2) Is there a statistically significant difference between male and female in joining Arabic debate? (3) Is there a statistically significant difference between male and female in developing Arabic speaking skill. The researcher adopted the interrelationship approach, where the data was collected by conducting a speaking skill test on 60 male and female students who participated in debate to obtain the desired information. Data and information were then analyzed using the percentages, frequency calculation, mean and Pearson correlation coefficient to measure the degree of correlation between debate and speaking skill, and T-test to find out gender differences. The results of the research indicated that debate has a positive relationship with speaking skill and also indicates that there is a statistically significant difference between male and female students in enrolling the debate in developing speech skill. In conclusion, the researcher presented recommendations and suggestions related to the field.

The study aimed to present the similarities and the differences in the methodology of the two books (Awḍaḥ al-Masalik) and (Sharḥ Ibn Aqil) in explaining the chapters of Nominative cases in (Alfiyyat Ibn Malik), while focusing on five aspects: the title of each chapter and its order, the method in handling the texts and its examples, the manner in explaining the texts, the evidences, and the opinions cited. The researcher adopts descriptive and inductive method to obtain the general features of the method of each book, which are later used in the comparison. The analysis was carried out using Microsoft Excel 2010. The study concluded that the method of both book resembles each other in several aspects: the divisions and the order of each chapter, the manner in handling the examples from the texts, high attention to the linkage of each chapter, the additions included, the corrections and disagreements with the author, the evidences which resembles the evidences used in both book (Sharḥ al-Tashil) and (Sharḥ al-Kafiyah), the used of phrases to highlight the evidences in the sentences, the limit in mentioning the evidences, the leniency in using evidences from the irregular Qira’at, the Hadith, the poems from Muwalladin class, and the poems which its author is unknown, the explaination of the evidences, and the way dealing with the opinions of various grammarian. On the other hand, the method in both books differs in the aspect of altering the title of some chapters, mentioning the verses during the explaination, reordering the verses, and the preference of one type of evidences over another. The researcher deduced the factors leading to the similarities and the differences between both methodologies into: the period they lives in, the nature of the books and the purpose of writing.

The purpose of this study is to identify the error in pronunciation of Emphasis (Tafkhim) and Non-Emphasis (Tarqiq) Arabic sounds among non-native Arabic undergraduate students at the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). The data from the participants were gathered by recording the participants as they read texts. From the obtained data, the researcher tries to identify the common phonetic errors that are related to Emphasis and Non-Emphasis Arabic sounds. Non-native Arabic students usually face difficulty in pronunciation because the said sounds do not exist in their own mother tongue. There is also serious research attention from experts in the field of study, mainly in practising the Emphasis and Non-Emphasis Arabic sounds in daily conversations. This study was conducted by using inductive and mixed mode methodologies, with the assistance of computer programming. The inductive approach was adopted to collect the sound recordings among the non-native Arabic students from three faculties that specialize in Arabic Language Studies at the International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM). The participants of this study were nine students. The analytical approach focuses on analysing the obtained results in the view of Emphasis (Tafkhim) and Non-Emphasis (Tarqiq) phonological perspectives. Meanwhile, computer programming was used to record sounds by using two types of computer software; Cool Edit Pro 2.1 and Gold Wave V6. The findings of this study have proven that non-native Arabic students have promising capability in pronouncing Emphasis and Non-Emphasis Arabic sounds except in sad, dad, and za sounds. These findings lend new empirical and theoretical support on the capability of non-native Arabic speakers in improving their phonological skills.

This study aims to find out the speaking strategies in Arabic language among successful language learners of Ma’ahad Nurul Hidayah in Riau particularly the factors affecting choice of speaking strategies. The researcher chose non random sampling of respondents which is called target sampling consisting of four successful learners at the Ma`ahad. This study is a qualitative research where the researcher used descriptive approach to collect data. Two tools were applied in this study: drama and presentation of specific topic by the respondents. The researcher also observed two language tasks by each respondent and interviewed them to obtain the information that could not be found in the observation. It was found that the successful learners of Ma`ahad Nurul Hidayah used many direct strategies and indirect strategies to develop their speaking skill; they are memory strategies, cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, affective strategies and social strategies. They did not use compensation strategies to develop speaking skills. One of the respondents used “imagery strategy” to develop her speaking skills, yet this strategy is for listening and reading only, according to Oxford (1990). Another result of this study also indicates that some of the factors affecting choice of speaking strategies among successful language learners at the Ma`ahad include high language proficiency (grammar), conducive environment, motivation from pears or from other things around them and the level of language in the courses studied.

This research aims to identify metacognitive strategies in reading among older Arabic learners. The research examines the motivation of these learners’ metacognitive strategies in reading Arabic short texts. Three male and three female of older learners from the Arabic Language Centre for Non-native Speakers in Kelantan were chosen as participants for the research using purposive sampling technique. The research data was collected through think aloud process and retrospective interviews. The think aloud process was analysed based on the Revising Metacognitive Reading Strategy Inventory (MARSI-R); namely global reading strategy, support reading strategy, and problem solving strategy. The findings revealed that most of the older learners relied on support reading strategies when reading the Arabic text, followed by global reading strategies and problem solving strategies. These learners incorporate their understanding of Islamic worldview in their metacognitive strategies which are closely related to their learning motivation.

Hamka is regarded as one of the most prominent figures in Southeast Asian literature, having had a profound impact on his society’s cultural and intellectual life. His contributions were not limited to the art of the novel; they also extended to poetry, which he employed as an effective medium for moral refinement, character formation, and the expression of ethical and spiritual values. This study aims to examine Hamka’s poetic contributions within the framework of Islamic discourse through an analysis of selected texts drawn from Memories of Life and Hamka’s Memoirs over Seventy Years in addition to a number of articles and scholarly studies that have addressed his personality and literary output. The significance of this research lies in its effort to document and compile Hamka’s poetry from dispersed sources, as his poems were never collected in a single anthology. This endeavour contributes to preserving an important aspect of his literary and intellectual legacy and safeguarding it from potential neglect. The study adopts a descriptive approach to identify the artistic characteristics of Hamka’s poetry and the Islamic values and ideas it embodies, with particular attention to his literary style, use of language, rhetorical imagery, and Qur’anic allusions that distinguish his poetic discourse. It also employs an analytical approach by examining selected poetic excerpts to reveal the intellectual and religious dimensions shaping his poetic experience. The findings indicate that Hamka’s poetry highlights several key elements of Islamic discourse, most notably the affirmation of monotheism, repentance, patience, sincerity, reliance on God, and submission to divine decree in confronting life’s trials. The results further reveal a strong presence of the personal dimension in his poetry, particularly in relation to his life experiences and daʿwah activities, which endow his poetic discourse with a coherent emotional and intellectual character.

Vocabulary is the most important aspect in a language. In learning a second language, development of the four essential skills greatly depends on vocabulary. Thus, the researcher studied the evolution of productive vocabulary in writing among learners of Arabic language at the Department of Arabic Language and Literature, Kuliyyah of Islamic Revealed Knowledge and Human Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia. As Arabic language is morphological in nature, learners are expected to acquire and expand their vocabulary knowledge by using derivative skill to develop words from their root. It is assumed that they do not have any problems or difficulties in obtaining, learning, and using new words correctly. This study was conducted to look into Arabic learners’ perceptions on how they discover productive vocabulary, especially in writing. Also observed was how they were affected by morphological characteristic of words in Arabic language and how they enhance their vocabulary. The study involved five participants who studied Arabic Morphology II, in Semester 2, of academic year 2012/2013. Most of the participants were affected by the derivative skill and their productive vocabulary developed over time in three dimensions: vocabulary size, lexical richness and lexical depth in writing.