Browsing by Author "Nor Hidayati Diyana binti Nordin"

The use of dampers as shock absorbers in both transfemoral and transtibial prosthesis is important in order to provide comfort to the amputees without jeopardizing their health and safety. Three types of dampers are available namely active, semi-active and passive dampers. However, passive dampers are not suitable since the impedance data cannot be tuned and for active devices, they are not in favour due to its size and cost. In order to provide damping to the prosthesis that can be automatically tuned for normal walking conditions, magnetorheological fluid (MRF) damper can be used. MRF damper is a damper filled with magnetorheological fluid that reacts to the presence of magnetic field. It contains microsized particles, usually carbonyl iron particles which will align themselves forming chain-like structures parallel to the applied magnetic field. Thus, the rheology of the fluid is rapidly altered. The strength and distributions of the magnetic field influence the rigidity of the material, which directly affects the magnitude of force delivered by the damper. MRF damper needs an electromagnetic system to achieve 'ON' state. Wearing a prosthetic limb that requires large power source accounts for inconveniency. Hence, to address this issue, there is a need for an energy efficient MRF damper that requires low power consumption so as to prolong its battery life. In this research, two areas were covered which are optimizing the energy efficient MRF damper as well as designing a suitable controller for an ankle prosthesis. In optimizing the dynamic range, this study will tackle the issue through MRF particles size and volume percentage ratio. COMSOL Multiphysics software was used in the optimization study and experiments were also conducted to verify the findings. It is shown that smallest particle size and highest particle ratio, which is 2?m at 0.6 particle ratio exhibits the highest wall shear stress, at a lesser amount of applied current. In addition, simulation works using fuzzy-PID (F-PID) controller was also developed to ensure the performance of the prosthetic limb equipped with MRF damper, which completed the research work from the perspective of mechatronics engineering. Using PID controller, the error goes up to 90% while a maximum of 20% percentage error is seen for a prosthetic limb with F-PID.

For years, people have been working on methods to produce efficient energy scavengers. Among the established ones are solar panels, wind turbines, hydroelectric generators and many more. These macro scale energy scavenging technologies have successfully grown in meeting the world`s energy demand. However, to operate low powered electronic devices; especially when being placed in a remote area, micro scale energy scavenging comes into the light. The most promising method is via vibration energy scavenging which converts mechanical energy (from vibration) to electrical energy by the effect of coupling between mechanical variables and electric or magnetic fields. As the voltage generated greatly depends on the geometry and size of the piezoelectric material, there is a need to define an optimum shape and configuration of the piezoelectric energy scavenging system (PESS). In this research, the focus is on unimorph piezoelectric energy scavenging. Mathematical modelling, based on Euler- Bernoulli beam theory is derived as well. MATLAB and COMSOL Multi physics softwares are used to study the influence of several parameters, such as mass, length and shape in generating output voltage due to base excitations for low frequency range (0-500 Hz). From simulation results, triangular beam generates 200% more voltage compared to rectangular beam. Thus, triangular comb-shaped piezoelectric energy scavenging system is chosen the best design to derive energy for a broadband vibration. Employing comb-shaped configuration increases the number of modes in a given frequency bandwidth. In this study, two natural frequencies lie in the aforementioned frequency range, as opposed to only one natural frequency for single beam structure. In addition, by having the said geometry, the generated voltage can be maximized to serve as a voltage supply for remote sensing applications.