Browsing by Author "Monsur, Hammed Ademola"

Use of available anti-inflammatory drugs cause adverse side effects and even death, thus required alternative anti-inflammatory biocompounds extracted with environmental friendly method. Aqueous extracts, ethanolic precipitate and supernates of five Malaysian brown seaweeds; Sargassum duplicatum, Sargassum binderi, Sargassum fulvellum, Padina australis and Turbinaria turbinata, were investigated for inhibition Nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide induced macrophage RAW 264.7 cell line. All extracts contain high fucose and inhibit NO secretion in a dose dependent manner, precipitate of T. turbinata was highest in percentage yield ?20% and dosage of 200?g/ml down-regulated >80% NO secretion. Among the supernates, that of T. turbinata, which contain highest fucose, gave highest inhibition of NO synthesis. Cytotoxicity assay revealed that some extracts were moderately toxic. Enzyme aided extraction was carried out on T. turbinata and release of ethanolic precipitate was enhanced by the use of cellulase compared to vicozymes and amyloglucosidase. Eight processing conditions were screened with Plackett-Burman design and 3 significant factors (hydrolysis time, enzyme concentration and extraction stage) were optimized using Faced Centered Central Composite Design in Response Surface Methods. The conditions, that gave 25.13 and 10.54 %, respectively for crude precipitated fraction and fucoidan yield, are extraction stages of 2, hydrolysis time of 19.5 h and enzyme concentration of 0.15 %. Increase in yield was due to substrate ruptured by cellulase according to micrograph images from Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy. Infrared spectra of sulfated polysaccharide confirmed presence of sulfated groups. Anion exchange chromatography separation gave three fractions: TtF1, TtF2 and TtF3. Yield and chemical composition of purified fractions varied considerably and monosaccharide composition showed high percentage of fucose (60.92?0.09 %) in TtF3 which suggests that the polysaccharide might be fucoidan with 41.71?0.29 % total sugar, 8.33?0.45 % uronic acid, 33.79?0.57 % sulfate ion. TtF1 and TtF2 lack anti-inflammatory potential while TtF3 inhibited NO secretion in LPS induced macrophage with IC50 value of 103.76 ?g/ml. Secretion of PGE2, TNF-? and IL-8 were also dose dependently inhibited by TtF3. Cytotoxicity assay confirmed that TtF3 was nontoxic. The sulfated polysaccharide fractions exhibited different molecular weight with 223.5, 495.5 and 326.05 kDa, respectively for TtF1, TtF2 and TtF3. Proton NMR signals showed that the spectra of TtF2 and TtF3 possessed ?-anomeric proton (5- 5.6 ppm), ring proton (3.4 - 4.4), O-acetyl group (?2.2 ppm) and methyl proton (1 - 1.3 ppm) while that of TtF1 only showed presense of ring proton and methyl proton. Rheological analysis showed that the sulphated polysaccharide fractions exhibited Newtonian and/or weak pseudoplastic behaviour when data were fitted with power law. Increase in consistency value was highest in TtF2 compared to that of TtF1 while TtF3 was lowest. Thermal degradation pattern of TtF1 and TtF2 were similar compared to that of TtF3. Both chemical and physical properties have some relationships with the anti-inflammatory role of the sulfated polysaccharide extract. The findings confirmed the potential of brown seaweed of Malaysia origin as a viable source of anti-inflammatory compounds.

Fish gelatin is a possible alternative to all haram sources of gelatin. Gelatin was extracted from Perch skin using four pretreatment solutions combination. They were CH3COOH (A), NaCl then CH3COOH (SA), NaOH then CH3COOH (BA) and NaCl then NaOH followed by CH3COOH (SBA). Out of the four combinations of pretreatment solutions examined, application of three pretreatment solutions gave gelatin with most improved functional properties in terms of viscosity, gel-strength, and gel-yield. Analyses of gel-yield and gel-strength was highest for SBA (22.84%, 185.09±9.55 g), SA (24.11+0.78%, 78.57±0.09 g), BA (19.00±1.73%, 147.80±0.81 g) and A (17.88+0.89%, 5.91+0.59 g). Viscosity was also highest for sample SBA (0.0245+0.0001 pas), while viscosity for others are 0.0155+0.0002 pas, 0.0123+0.0001 pas, and 0.0025+0.0001 pas for samples BA, SA and A, respectively. Structural evaluations of these four samples were conducted using FTIR for functional group analysis, FESEM for nano structure analysis and SDS-PAGE for protein molecular weight distribution. Results showed that each pretreatment gave different nano imaging patterns; sample A (fibril), sample SA (zig-zag cracks), sample BA (straight rods) and sample SBA (cross-linked rods). Cross-linked rods observed in SBA denote adequate removal of non-collagen content of the fish skin and increase its surface area. Consequently, several junctions formed in SBA during gelation enhanced water entrapment, thus highest in gel-strength, gel yield and viscosity. Results of FTIR revealed different spectra for the samples meaning that pretreatment solutions have impacts on the functional group of gelatin. Lower spectra were observed for sample BA, SA and SBA as compared to sample A. Pretreatment with three solution of salt, base and acid is suggested as the best pretreatment for production of high value fish gelatin. Sequential analysis was also done and revealed that pretreatment with solution of base and salt should precede that of acid due to increased bands observed for a and b sized gelatin molecules. Process optimization was conducted using central composite design (CCD) in response surface method (RSM) for concentration of the three pretreatment solutions. The optimum gel strength of gelatin is 165g and protein yield is also high 32% which is comparable to previous work and optimum concentration of solution during pretreatment for improved gel strength and gel yield of gelatin from perch fish are 1.72 M (NaCl), 1.00 M (NaOH) and 0.15 M (CH3COOH).