Browsing by Author "Mohd Burhan Ibrahim, Ph.D"

The purpose of the current study was to explore the personal and environment factors that influence career maturity of senior secondary students from low-income family environment. The main objective of the study was to determine whether personal factors including age, gender, self-concept, and environment factors such as socio-economic status, parental support and parents` level of education would significantly predict career maturity of senior secondary students from low-income environment. Furthermore, the study also examined the mediating role of career self-efficacy (CDMSEF) between parental support, self-concept and career maturity. Attaining Career Maturity is very vital for secondary school students because career choice made at this stage can have ever-lasting impact on an individual’s life. The study used quantitative survey method and collected data using survey questionnaires. The population for this study was all senior secondary students (form three and four) from Wajir County, Kenya. Simple random sampling was used to select respondents. A total of 525 senior students from five secondary schools completed the survey. The major analytical tools and procedure used were Multiple Regression Analysis and full-fledge SEM modeling. MRA analyses indicates father`s education level of the environmental factors accounting for significance variance of career maturity. Furthermore, all measurement models reported adequate goodness of fit. The Full-fledge SEM analysis on the proposed model reported fair fit indices with self-concept predicting strongly career maturity. Findings indicate mediating role of career self-efficacy. The study indicates that students’ career prospect and their knowledge about different occupations was minimal.

The purpose of the study is to examine the deans practice of Full Range Leadership Model (FRLM - Bass and Avolio, 1997) and their influences on academicians’ job performance (Sewang, 2016) and job satisfaction (Mansfield, 2018) at Sohar University, Oman. The data was obtained by two methods of qualitative and quantitative. The survey part of the study involved 103 teaching academics from all the six faculties in Sohar University. Data on leadership style, job performance and job satisfaction were collected through a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews with six faculty deans. Simple linear regression (SLR) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were used to examine the quantitative data showing the direct influences of deans’ leadership practices on faculty members’ job performance and job satisfaction. The qualitative data were analysed for recurring themes and coded accordingly. Coding categories were constructed from the concepts and themes that emerged during the interview process and from the review of the literature. The overall findings indicate that most faculty members are satisfied with the leadership practices of their deans. The findings advance leadership knowledge by exploring the relationship between the components of Full Range of Leadership Model (FRLM), transformational and transactional leadership approaches in the context of a private university in Oman. Both the deans and the faculty members employed transactional leadership to ensure conformity with the requirements of the Ministry of Higher Education of Oman. The study affirmed that the total average practice and level of leadership among deans of faculties at private university in Oman was mean 3.0794 and standard deviation 0.9332 at medium level. The results indicated that the total average of Job Performance level of 103 faculty members at private university in Oman was mean 3.1159 and standard deviation 0.8976 at medium level. The result also shows the presence of a moderate level of job satisfaction among the faculty members of Sohar University as the general mean is Mean = 3.1726 and Standard Deviation = 0.8995 at medium level. The originality of this study lies on its exploration of effective characteristics of leadership practices of the deans and the direct influences on faculty members’ job performance and job satisfaction. Hence, the role of faculty or college deans in Oman must be built specifically on leadership that focuses on learning to pave the way for a more effective governance in realization of Higher Education Development Plan towards more prosperous The Sultanate of Oman in 2030 and beyond.

This study explores Malaysian school leaders’ effective practices to solve problems and make decisions in times of crisis. The study employed a qualitative research design with a multi-site case study. The data is obtained through semi-structured interviews with six secondary school leaders in a northern Malaysian state. Each participant has at least 30 years of educational experience and has served as a school leader for at least three years. Braun and Clarke’s (2006) Six-Phase Thematic Analysis is utilised to analyse the interview data. The findings of the study are presented using Bazeley’s (2009) D-C-R: Describe, Compare, Relate. The findings reveal school leaders’ practices for responding to and managing crises. During the crisis, school leaders used a variety of effective problem-solving and decision-making strategies. The findings then revealed the use of an eclectic style of leadership during the crisis. The personalised leadership practices revealed a combination of models and theories that were helpful for effective problem-solving and decision-making during the crisis. Major challenges such as learning disruptions, digital gaps and ensuring equity in learning are also highlighted by school leaders. The findings also suggested that leading a school during a crisis requires significant moral, financial, and professional support. Additionally, school leaders need better training programmes on crisis management, problem-solving, and decision-making. The findings also revealed that school leaders need empowerment and autonomy to effectively solve problems and make decisions during a crisis. Overall, the study adds to the field of education by giving useful insights for school leaders, policymakers and other stakeholders looking to improve leadership effectiveness in crisis management and how to cope with crises in educational settings in the future. Keywords: School leaders, educational leadership, problem-solving, decision-making, crisis management, educational policy.

International Islamic University has been championing the Islamization of Human Knowledge (IOHK) with the goal of contributing to the holistic development of human capital. This strategy will enhance the good impact that students will have on society as their mentality is shaped on Islamic Spiritual Intelligence (ISI) and their emotions are trained within the scope of the Islamic world view. Thus, this study has attempted to evaluate the model of Leadership Competencies of Student Leaders. Specifically, the causal relationships between Emotional Intelligence (EI), Islamic Spiritual Intelligence (ISI), and Leadership Competencies of Student Leaders (LCSL), mediating through IOHK in three campuses of IIUM were tested. The current study employed a quantitative cross-sectional survey with a stratified random sampling technique. The data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire, distributed to 372 student leaders in the year 2018 /2019. There were six research questions and seven research hypotheses formulated. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics for research question one; Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) for research question two and hypothesis one; and, a full-fledged Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) for research questions three to six and hypotheses two to seven. The results from the descriptive analysis revealed that student leaders’ practice and perception of IOHK (78%), EI (78%), ISI (91%), and LCSL (79%) exceeded 50%. Additionally, the CFA results indicated that the instrument used in the study was psychometrically sound in terms of convergent, discriminant, and composite validity. The full-fledged SEM showed that the hypothesized model exhibited relationships between observed variables and IOHK, ISI, EI, and LCSL. It also highlighted that EI, ISI exerted significant positive influence on Leadership Competencies of Student Leaders both directly and indirectly. However, IOHK mediated partially between EI and LCSL and mediated fully between ISI and LCSL. This study contributes to the models and frameworks of Jumahata’s (2016) Islamic Spiritual Intelligence, Goleman’s (1999) Emotional Intelligence, Hassan’s (2010) "Man of Sound Reasoning” of Islamization of Human Knowledge, and the frameworks of Seemiller’s (2013) Student Leadership Competencies together and Park, Jeong, Jang, Yoon, and Lim’s (2018) Integrative global leadership to develop young leaders respectively. This study further contributes to the methodologies to evaluate the competence of these leaders. Furthermore, it draws more guidelines to parents and stakeholders to nurture the youth by inculcating the values and resilience needed to survive as a good leader in the 21st century.

This study examined the influence of four factors, namely personal capacity, beliefs, aspirations, and school climate in the exercise of teachers' professional agency during curriculum reform in the Maldives. To achieve this aim, the study developed and evaluated the adequacy of measurement models of personal capacity, beliefs, aspirations, and school climate to examine their relationship with teachers’ professional agency. Survey data were collected from 360 teachers from 13 government primary schools located in Male’ city, the capital of Maldives. The questionnaire measured professional agency and its underlying factors with 38 items rated on a 7-point Likert-type scale. An exploratory factor analysis followed by a confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the measurement models and the full-fledged structural model of professional agency fit the data collected from the Maldivian teachers. Furthermore, the analysis provided evidence for the convergent and discriminant validity and composite reliability of the scales indicating the adequacy of all measurement models. The results of Structural Equation Modelling analysis revealed that personal capacity and beliefs significantly and positively influenced teachers’ professional agency as the study had hypothesized. However, the other two proposed constructs, school climate and aspirations, were not significant correlates of agency. More significantly, the study has theoretically and empirically validated a structural model of factors influencing teachers’ professional agency during curriculum reform with important practical implications. The findings should guide relevant authorities in the Maldivian teacher education system to plan and implement results-driven training for both in-service and pre-service teachers to develop and further enhance their capacities towards professional agency.

Malaysia’s Ministry of Education launched a new Standard Curriculum for Secondary Schools, or Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Menengah (KSSM) in 2017. This new curriculum stresses on student-centred learning and teaching activities. However, problems and issues in the teaching and learning of Islamic Education subject have been persistent and are consistently highlighted by the Ministry of Education. Thus, this study aims to explore teachers’ understanding on active learning, active learning activities, challenges, and recommendations in implementing the Standard Curriculum for Secondary Schools or Kurikulum Standard Sekolah Menengah (KSSM) in Malaysian secondary schools. The study also examines teachers’ perception on active learning activities through cognitive learning engagement, emotional engagement, social engagement, and spiritual engagement aspects, specifically in the Islamic Education subject. The target population or sampling frame identified in this study consists of 442 Islamic Education teachers who volunteered to participate by answering a survey. This study achieved triangulation by comparing the quantitative and qualitive data collected through the questionnaire survey, teachers’ interviews, and classroom observations. Simple random sampling technique was employed, with a sampling size of 350, to ensure that the selected teachers would represent the population. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was used to improve and validate the instruments applied in this study. In addition, semi-structured interviews and observation were conducted to support and confirm the findings. Six teachers who are involved in qualitative study were selected using purposive sampling. The findings answered all the research questions for a more effective implementation of Active Learning in Islamic Education. This study discovered that even though the teachers showed excellent understanding of the active learning concept, results from the observations conducted in this study indicated that the teachers lacked ideas on how to embed active learning components, such as cooperative learning, problem solving, and reasoning skills into group works. Moreover, active learning activities from both the quantitative and qualitative perspectives introduced the students to new branding, and engaged their learning experience further compared to that of typical passive learning. The findings on teachers’ perception of cognitive learning engagement, emotional engagement, social engagement, and spiritual engagement are constrained within the study’s framework. In terms of implementation, teachers reported different experiences in implementing active learning, signifying that they have their own ways of implementing active learning activities in the Islamic Education subject in accordance with the new curriculum. Finally, from the findings, based on the challenges faced, Islamic Education teachers should increase self-motivation by undergoing more training courses, promoting action-based learning, and changing their viewpoints. These measures could ensure a higher success in the implementation of active learning activities in Islamic Education subject.

The purpose of this study is to examine the influence of organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and Islamic spirituality (IS) on organizational effectiveness (OE) through the mediating variable of organizational climate (OC) as perceived by academic staff in selected state Islamic higher education institutions in Indonesia. This study employed 357 academic staff who completed a questionnaire survey out of the 450 targeted distributions to academic staff through six selected Indonesian state Islamic higher education institutions. The statistical analysis techniques utilized in this study were Descriptive Analysis using SPSS version 22.0, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and full-fledge Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) using the software Analysis of Moment Structures (AMOS) version 22.0 to address the research questions as well as to test the research hypotheses. Based on the results of CFA, it demonstrates that four distinct factors present the construct of perceived organizational citizenship behavior. In contrast, the construct of Islamic spirituality also presents four diverse factors. Moreover, the mediating variable of organizational climate was explained by two distinct factors, while three discrete factors described the construct of organizational effectiveness. This study found that Islamic spirituality and organizational climate have a direct causal effect on organizational effectiveness. The generated results of the study also indicate that organizational citizenship behavior and Islamic spirituality have indirect causal effects on organizational effectiveness through the mediating variable of organizational climate. Further analysis, however, shows that only organizational citizenship behavior does not have a direct causal effect on organizational effectiveness in the context of selected state Islamic higher education institutions. Theoretically, the study suggests that the university top management should not consider teaching qualification as the only criterion in hiring academic staff but should ponder on other potentials such as the quality of HRM. Implications from the result of the study propose that university top leaders should organize a human resource development program for academic staff to educate them about quality assurance. This study significantly assist the human resource managers and executive leaders in obtaining the best practices of OCB, IS and OC influencing OE in HEIs. Moreover, the findings suggest that Islamic spirituality as a sense of totality, connectedness at work, and greater ethics and moral values that should be inculcated among academic staff in the university. Finally, the study recommends more examinations on underlying constructs to develop the best model of organizational effectiveness in HEIs.

The main purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of school leaders’ Strategic Leadership Practices (SLP), Quality Assurance System Practices (QASP) and School Culture (SC) on selected Risky Secondary Schools (RS) in Malaysia. The sample comprised 472 principals and deputy principals from 141 risky secondary schools across Malaysia. A set of 157-item survey questionnaire were administered among the respondents to seek their views and opinions about their own practices of strategic leadership, quality assurance system, school culture and the management of Malaysian risky schools. Being quantitative in nature, this study used descriptive statistics, Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), and full-fledged Structural Equation Modeling to address its seven research questions and six research hypotheses. Through the application of CFA, the study had confirmed the presence of multidimensionality of SLP, QASP and SC as being represented by a nine-factor, four-factor and three-factor model, respectively; while SC was revealed represented by four-dimensional constructs. The results revealed the absence of direct causal effects of SLP and QASP on RS, but there was strong evidence of significant causal link or influence of SC on RS. SC appeared to mediate the influence of SLP and QASP on RS. The originality of this study rests on the strength of its hypothesised models and the causal relationships found among all the variables of interest. This particular study was considered as Malaysian indigenous and first of its kind in Malaysia’s system of education. It offers practical insights to stakeholders and practitioners in the educational leadership and management field who are interested in designing, creating and developing safe school environments for Malaysia’s future schools. This study also provides opportunities for prospective researchers to verify and investigate the Strategic Leadership Quality Management RISKS Model (SLQM-RISKS model) by taking into account other variables of interests, besides SLP, QASP and SC.

Teacher readiness has been proven to be a critical prerequisite for the successful implementation of m-learning initiatives in education. In the context of Maldives, the uptake of m-learning integration efforts with the government’s one-to-one tablet initiative has drastically increased the need for assessing Maldivian teachers’ readiness to incorporate m-learning in teaching. Hence, this study first aimed to profile the extent of Maldivian teachers’ readiness to facilitate the use of distinctive pedagogical features of tablet computers to enhance student learning. Secondly, due to the absence of an integrated model in the literature that can be used to assess the key factors influencing teachers’ pedagogical readiness to implement m-learning, this study sought to propose and validate a theoretical model called M-Learning Teacher Readiness Model (MTRM) that hypothesises the influence of perceived school readiness (SR), content readiness (CR), and psychological readiness (PSR) on teachers’ pedagogical readiness (PER) to incorporate m-learning. Finally, the study aimed to test the measurement invariance to determine whether the scale items function equivalently for primary and secondary teacher groups. The study used a quantitative cross-sectional survey method. A total of 551 teachers employed in the government schools of Maldives participated in this study. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, pooled Confirmatory Factor Analysis (Pooled-CFA), full-fledged Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), and Multi-Group Confirmatory Factor Analyses (MGCFA) The descriptive analyses revealed that teachers were somewhat prepared to facilitate their students to use the collaborative, authentic, and personalized features of tablet devices to enhance their learning. The pooled CFA provided evidence that the proposed three factor pedagogical readiness construct, comprising collaboration, authenticity, and personalization, constitute a valid and reliable underlying structure. The assessment of structural model revealed that the hypothesised MTRM model fits the data well; school readiness and content readiness exerted a significant and positive influence on teachers’ pedagogical readiness; and teachers’ psychological readiness mediated the relationship between school readiness and pedagogical readiness. In addition, the results of MGCFA revealed that the measures of m-learning teacher readiness constructs are invariant across primary and secondary teacher groups. The findings of this study have made both theoretical and practical contributions towards the implementation of m-learning in teaching, particularly with respect to teachers’ readiness to implement m-learning in the context of Maldives.

The aim of this study is to study the influence of leadership style on work engagement. This study uses a quantitative approach, and this study was conducted around July- September 2021 at Alauddin State Islamic University Makassar. Data collection was done using online and offline questionnaires. The population in this study were lecturers at Alauddin State Islamic University Makassar. The sample in the study was determined by 251 respondents who were chosen randomly. The data analysis techniques used were frequency, mean and correlation analysis. The results of this study showed that the dominant leadership style used at Alauddin State Islamic University Makassar is Transformational leadership. The dominant type of work engagement used by lecturers is type Absorption. The study found a significant correlation between perceived transformational leadership with lecturers' work engagement. It also found a significant correlation between perceived transactional leadership with lecturers' work engagement. Keywords: Transformational leadership style, Transactional, work engagement.

Previous studies had shown that learning environment had an influence on students’ attitude and achievement. This study extends the previous studies by examining the relationships between students’ perceptions of their mathematics constructivist learning environment, mathematics attitude, and algebra performance in Selangor, Malaysia. Algebra was chosen in this study due to its importance in pursuance of higher-level mathematics, however at the same time, algebra is found to be of considerable challenge to the Form One students. Meanwhile, constructivism in the teaching and learning of mathematics today has been proposed to be the answer to the challenges above. Constructivist learning environment is a setting where learners work together to construct knowledge, receive support from teachers and classmates, apply their previous knowledge or experiences and solve given appropriate tasks using various approaches. This study employed a fully quantitative cross-sectional survey design. To achieve the aim of this study, two instruments namely the Algebra Test for examining students’ algebraic thinking and a Questionnaire Survey - Constructivist Learning Environment Evaluation and Mathematics Attitude (CLEEMA) were developed and evaluated. The respondents of this study were 336 Form One students who were selected using the cluster sampling method. Algebra Test was validated using Rasch Measurement Model and the hypothesized measurement models of Constructivist Learning Environment and Students’ Mathematics Attitude were validated using SEM-AMOS software. The result revealed that the majority of the respondents performed poorly in the Algebra Test, while the level of the constructivist learning environment and students’ mathematics attitude was at a moderate level. The results of Structural Equation Modelling analysis discovered that constructivist learning environments are significantly and positively influencing algebra performance and students’ mathematics attitude as the study had hypothesized. However, students’ mathematics attitude does not significantly influence algebra performance as hypothesized in the study. In conclusion, it can be confirmed that the majority of Form One students in Selangor have low ability in the Algebra Test and hence their performance in algebra is also low. This is consistent with numerous findings in the previous studies which stated that algebra is very challenging for many students. Moreover, this study confirmed that some mathematics classrooms in Selangor have practiced the constructivist learning environment elements, but only at the moderate level.

Teacher motivation is one of the major issues in education by and large, and in educational leadership and practices specifically. A variety of factors are being considered as motives for the teachers, with which the administrators are supposed to recognize and acknowledge their role as teacher motivators. This study investigated the perceptions of the aided high school teachers of Malppuram Educational District, India, on the role of their school administrators in motivating them. The questionnaires pertaining to different motivational dimensions including job satisfaction, career progression, welfare and instruction-related matters were distributed to the teachers of ten aided high schools in the district, which were selected purposively. The statistical techniques which included descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, ANOVA, correlation, and multiple regression analysis were used to analyze the data. The demographic information, the motivation level, differences among gender and other selected demographic variables in terms of job satisfaction level, the relationship between the job satisfaction level and motivational aspects, and the predictive ability of the variables on job satisfaction were found and analyzed respectively. From 206 questionnaires which were given back to the researcher, it was found that the level of motivation received by the teachers was low and their job satisfaction was moderate. Only two age groups, Group 1 and Group 6, differed in their job satisfaction level while there were no significant statistical differences among any other selected variables namely, gender and academic qualifications. The result showed that there was a significant relationship between the job satisfaction of the teachers and their perceived level of motivation received from the authority. Among the aforementioned three aspects of motivation, the instructional field was the largest contributor to teachers’ job satisfaction followed by the welfare and career progression aspects. The findings suggest that the District level school administrators, as well as the state Ministry of Education should make improvement in realizing their role as teacher motivators at least in the three dimensions on which this study focused on.

The main objective of this study was to investigate prevailing organizational conflict management strategies and methods of creatively solving administrative leadership problems and their relationship to employees’ job satisfaction in public and private schools of the Northern Al Batinah Governorate in the Sultanate of Oman. To achieve the objective of the study, the research used a descriptive quantitative method to collect and analyze data. Therefore, questionnaires were used as a tool to collected data. The study population consisted of 11723 principals and teachers, of which a sample of 372 were selected to participate in the study. The distribution of the sample was 306 respondents were from government schools and 35 respondents were from private schools. Quantitative statistics were utilized to analyze data from the questionnaires, where frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviations, correlations were used to achieve the purpose. The main findings of the study showed that accommodating strategy was the most prevailing organizational conflict management strategy used by administrative leaders in schools, followed by collaborating strategy. It was also found that setting clear objectives was the most commonly used method to creatively solve problems among administrative leaders in schools, followed by effective communication. In addition, the results revealed a statistically significant correlation between prevailing organizational conflict management strategies and job satisfaction of employees in the Northern Al Batinah Governorate in the Sultanate of Oman. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended to train educational administrative leaders on how to use organizational conflict management strategies and provide them with necessary knowledge and skills to enable them deal with organizational conflicts in a positive way in the government and private schools of the Northern Al Batinah Governorate in the Sultanate of Oman.

The study aimed to identify the relationship between knowledge management and decision-making among academic leaders and faculty members of Mansoura University. The research adopted a descriptive analytical methodology and the sample of the study was randomly selected from participants, during the second semester of the academic year 2018/2019. The questionnaire consisted of (45) items, divided into two axes. The first axis was knowledge management and the second axis was for decision-making. The data was processed using the following statistical methods: Frequency, Percentage, Arithmetic Mean, Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, Cronbach Alpha Correlation Coefficient, T-Test, and One Way ANOVA. The study concluded the following results: Knowledge management was low for academic leaders and faculty members at Mansoura University. The highest item for faculty members and academic leaders under Knowledge management was "identifying knowledge needs". There were no statistically significant differences (0.05 or less) between the means of the study sample for „knowledge management‟, according to academic degree, gender, academic position or years of experience. Moreover, decision-making was low among faculty members and academic leaders. The highest item for faculty members and academic leaders under decision-making was „diagnosis of problems‟. There were statistically significant differences (0.05 or less) between the means of the study sample for decision-making, according to „academic position‟. The rest of the variables were not statistically significant (0.05 or less). To sum up, no relationships were found between knowledge management and decision-making for Mansoura University faculty members and academic leaders at the level of 0.05 or less. The study ended with some recommendations and suggestions.

The purpose of this study was to identify Transformational leadership and its impact on managerial creativity and improving job performance: Employees of Sohar University as a model, where the descriptive analytical approach was used. The sample of the study was composed of Sohar University employees. the researcher used the questionnaire and relied on the order of arithmetic averages according to the axes of the questionnaire and its paragraphs, and also determined the degree of approval according to the test adopted in the research, the results showed that the arithmetic average of all transformational leadership paragraphs is equal to (3.03) and the relative weight (65.98%), that is, there is an average approval by the researchers for transformational leadership in general. The arithmetic average of all paragraphs (skills) of creative abilities is equal to (3.46), so the relative weight is (69.23%), that is, there is approval by the respondents on the paragraphs of creative abilities in general. Also, the arithmetic average of all the paragraphs of the job performance Fields is equal to (3.50), so the relative weight is (69.90%), that is, there is approval by the respondents of the job performance paragraphs in general. Thus, it turned out that the university needs innovation and creativity to improve job performance, the importance of students ' participation in some decisions related to them, and the need for leaders to strip of self-love, and to put the University's interest over personal interest, the researcher suggested conducting other similar studies that show the extent of the relationship between transformative leadership, administrative creativity and improving job performance in government educational institutions and others.

The purpose of the current study is to identify the organizational climate and its effect to job satisfaction and the employees’ performance in the institutions of Higher Education in the Sultanate of Oman. To achieve the objective of the study, the researcher adopted the Descriptive Analytical Method and prepared a questionnaire of three parts: The reality of organizational climate, the reality of job satisfaction, as well as the reality of job performance. It was applied to a simple random sample of employees of Higher Education Institutions in North and South Batinah Governorates, in the Sultanate of Oman. The number of the random sample is (310) individuals. The study also included the statistical methods in data analysis: Cronbach's Alpha, Iterations, Arithmetic means, percentage and standard deviation of (SPSS- Statistical Package for the Social Science). The study concluded series of findings, the most significant: The higher level of the organizational climate, the higher level of the job satisfaction in higher education . institutions in Oman and vice versa. It is also clear, the higher level of the organizational climate, the higher level of the job performance in higher education institutions in Oman and vice versa. Based on the findings of the research, the researcher proposed a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: Greater attention to activate the communication system and cooperation between parts of the organizational structure. Increase attention to develop technology used in Higher Education Institutions. Further encourage and training the employees to carry out their work using the technology. Greater attention to the office environment for employees in terms of office designs (Ventilation, lighting and movement) and reformulating the performance evaluation criteria and the methods of its application in performance evaluation; In order to achieve a sense of security and job fairness. Pay more attention to employees’ motivation programs to motivate employees and rekindle their enthusiasm in serving their country and community, and striving to develop methods of achievement at work in accordance with quality standards of performance.

Organizations these days are facing changes inside the organization as well as local and global challenges, thus adopting the transformational leadership style has become vital to bring about positive change in the organization, allowing it to stay competitive while also achieving its objectives. Therefore, this study aims to examine the effect of organizational commitment as a mediating variable in the relationship between transformational leadership and job performance among employees in the Ministry of Education in the Sultanate of Oman. A descriptive approach and survey method were used, which is appropriate for achieving the study objectives. According to the study's nature and objectives, the quantitative approach and the cross-sectional method were used to collect the data to test the study hypotheses. The researcher developed a questionnaire consisting of (37) items to collect data about the study variables: transformational leadership, organizational commitment, and job performance. The study tool was distributed to (500) employees in the Ministry of Education and its affiliated directorates using a stratified random sample, and the researcher was able to obtain (404) valid questionnaire for the analysis. The SPSS program was used to screen the data and perform the descriptive analysis. AMOS program was used to conduct the confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) to test the validity and reliability of the overall measurement model and the structural equation modelling (SEM) to test the study hypotheses. The study results revealed a positive and significant impact of transformational leadership on organizational commitment and job performance and a positive impact of organizational commitment on job performance. Organizational commitment plays a partial mediator in the relationship between transformational leadership and job performance. The study results were discussed according to the theoretical framework and previous studies. Conclusions, recommendations, and suggestions for future studies were included.

Abstract The study aimed at exploring the effect of the interaction between correctional feedback and patterns of test items ordering according to three formats (i.e. curriculum order, random, and difficulty factor) on the psychometric characteristics of the test and its items, and on student performance. To achieve the aims of the study, an achievement test was constructed on the content of unit one, social studies subject, grade ten, semester one. The test finally consisted of (35) multiple choice items, four options for each. The test items were distributed according to three formats, each of different item position: the first format was according to the order of the curriculum, the second format ordered randomly, and the third format was according to difficulty factor (from easy to difficult.). The study population consisted of all of the grade ten students (286) at the Islamic Institutes of the Sultan Qaboos Higher Center for Culture and Sciences, in the academic year 2020/2021, in six institutes. The sample of the study was the whole population. The results revealed that there were no differences of statistical significance ascribed to correctional feedback presented during the test. It also revealed no differences of statistical significance at the level of (0.05) in student performance due to test items ordering patterns even in the first format (curriculum order) in which students' performance average was better than the other two formats. The study also revealed that there was an effect of interaction between the correctional feedback and the test items ordering patterns; a statistically significant interaction in behalf of the first format (curriculum order), and (11%) of variance in students marks can be ascribed to correctional feedback presented during the test and test items ordering patterns. When studying the psychometric characteristics of the test items in its three formats, the study revealed differences of statistical significance at the level (0.05); the factors of reliability, validity and objectivity of the test items were statistically significant for the first format (curriculum order). However, the study did not reveal differences of statistical significance at the level (0.05) in the factors of reliability and validity of the three tests. The study recommends use of the pattern of ordering test items according to its curriculum content order when constructing achievement multiple choice tests

This research examined the effect of school principals' application on the quality of performance and levels of student achievement in schools in the Al Batinah North Governorate in the Sultanate of Oman, and the aim of the research is to determine the impact of school principals. The application of total quality management to the performance of teachers and levels of student achievement in schools in the North Al Batinah Governorate in the Sultanate of Oman, and the research community formed male and female teachers in schools in the North Al Batinah Governorate in the Sultanate of Oman. A random sample of 520 teachers was chosen, the research adopted the questionnaire as a tool for data collection, and the effect and impact relationships among the research variables were analyzed. Therefore, SEM using the Pls Smart, Statistical Modeling equation, has been used statistically, and has been used to process data CFA experimental factor analysis Track analyzes among the most prominent results of this research are the presence of positive effects between the quality of school administration performance and the quality of teacher performance, the presence of positive effects between the quality of school management and levels of student achievement, and attendance The positive effects between the quality of teacher performance and levels of student achievement, and in the light of the research results, the researcher reached a set of The most important recommendations are to expand future research in the same context.

This study aims to investigate The mediating role of the organizational communication in effect of the information management system on school administrative performance in Oman, from the viewpoint of the schools’ headmasters and their assistants. To fulfill the study’s objectives the researcher employed the descriptive-analytical method and designed a questionnaire that consists of 75 items distributed into three study variables, which are (Management Information Systems, Management Communication, and Management Performance), in addition to five items to measure the demographic variables. The questionnaire was executed on a sample of 400 school headmasters and their assistants from four school districts, namely Al Batinah North, (Al Batinah South, Muscat, and Ad Daakhiliyyah). The primary analysis of the data applying the formative sample equations using structural equation models was carried out using the (AMOS 25) software. The analysis results indicated the existence of a direct and positive relationship between Management Information Systems and Management Performance with a mean value of 0.39. Also found was a direct and positive relationship between Management Information Systems and Management Communication with a mean value of 0.37. The results also showed the existence of a direct and positive relationship between Management Communication and Management Performance, with a mean value of 0.26. Furthermore, the study results showed an indirect relationship between Management Information Systems and Management Performance through Management Communication, which means that Management Communication mediates between Management Information System and Management Performance from the perspective of the headmasters and their assistants in the Sultanate of Oman. Through examining the interactive effect of experience, it was found that the relationship between Management Information Systems and Management Communication was stronger when the work experience was less than five years, while the relationship between Management Information Systems and Management Performance was stronger when the work experience ranged from five to 10 years. The study emphasized the importance of the views and observations of those working with the government schools from the Ministry of Education in the Sultanate of Oman in regard to the changes that need to be made to the management information systems. Also necessary is to increase the capacity of the existing management information systems that have to correspond with the technological advancements, which has an effect on management performance and management communication.