Browsing by Author "Akhmetova, Elmira"

This study is an attempt to examine the accuracy of the so-called “universal sociological theory” of Hans Kohn on the examples of identity consciousness of Russian and Turkish Muslims in the first quarter of the twentieth century in the light of the thought of Musa Jarullah and Said Nursi. This study also discusses ideas of these two scholars on pan-Islamism. In order to examine the works of Jarullah and Nursi, the researcher adopted an inductive and textual analysis method. The study determines that none of these scholars faced any dilemma between their religious and national identities. After the establishment of the USSR and the Turkish Republic, Muslims were forced to abandon their religious ummah identity and adopt the national identity. Accordingly, the study suggests that the rise of nationalism in Russia and Turkey did not coincide with a voluntary decline in the hold of religion. The study also suggests that ideas of pan-Islamism were not a recent phenomenon, but it was the continuation of the ummah feelings of Muslims. It was a response of Muslims to Western Imperialism and the spread of ideas of nationalism, secularism and communism. Also, based on the thought of Jarullah and Nursi, the study finds that ideas of calling for unity of Muslims did not bear an anti-Christian character, but it aimed at liberating Muslim nations from their colonial yoke. Moreover, as our research presents, Jarullah and Nursi were optimistic at the prospects of Islamic Union even during decisive years for the Muslim world, when the caliphate was abolished in 1924 and almost all Muslims lands were colonized by Western powers. Consequently, the study comes to the conclusion that Islam did not lose its importance in political as well as social lives of Russian and Turkish Muslims. Therefore, the so-called “universal sociological theory” of Hans Kohn is not applicable to the cases of Russian and Turkish Muslims.

The research examines Pan-Islamic movement in Russia between 1905-1930, the main factors behind its appearance, peculiarities and its impact on other leading ideologies of that time such as Pan-Turkism, Pan-Turanism and Muslim National Communism through analyzing the official documents from Tsarist and Soviet sources, records of the All-Russian Muslim Congresses between 1905-1924, as well as the thoughts and activities of Russia’s Muslim intellectuals, mainly ‘Abd al-Rashīd Ibrahimov, Musa Jārullāh, Ismail Gaspralı and Mir Said Sultan-Galiev. In order to examine the works of Ibrahimov, Jārullāh and Gaspralı, the researcher adopted an inductive and textual analysis method. The research found a huge gap between the official portrait of Pan-Islam, designed by the Tsarist and then enriched by the Soviet authorities, and its real appearance in Russia. The Tsarist gendarmerie and secret service departments defined the entire intellectual, religious, social, educational and political activities of Russia’s Muslims after 1905 as ‘Pan-Islamism’ or ‘Pan-Turkism,’ an anti-government movement. Yet, as the research exposes, Pan-Islamism in the thoughts of Russia’s Muslim intellectuals was formulated as a peaceful ideology, no more than emphasizing the necessity for fraternity and solidarity among all Muslims of the world. Also, the research suggests that the extensive mushrooming of the call for Muslim unity at the beginning of the twentieth century in Russia should not be studied in isolation from the fundamental Islamic thoughts and universal values of Islam such as solidarity, justice, brotherhood and responsibility of the spiritual and political leaders toward other Muslims. Pan-Islamism in a Russian context was an attempt of local Muslims to reinstate the political dimensions of Islam in order to strengthen their legal, economic, religious, social and cultural positions against the danger emanating from Russian Imperialism. Moreover, it establishes that the consideration of Pan-Islamism as an interim period in the universal ideological development of nation formation process and the rise of nationalism is not applicable to the Russian case. Up to the 1920s, the large-scale movement towards unity of all layers of Muslim society of Russia went parallel with the growth of nationalism among the people, who claimed to be firstly Muslim, then Turkic. Also, there was never, in the Russian case, a natural decline in the hold of religion due to the rise of ethnic national awareness. Lastly, the study underlines that the Western classical approach of ‘modeling’ Europe for every small or big event that occurred in other parts of the world led to the distortion of the original shape of Pan-Islamism in the Western (Russian) scholarship. Thus the research emphasizes on the need for an alternative approach for studying Pan-Islamism, as well as other political and social developments occurring in the Muslim world.