At present, Muslim travellers, in general, have shown interest in travelling not only to Muslim countries, but also to Muslim minority countries such as South Korea. Due to this situation, South Korea in particular has taken the initiative to provide services to meet the demands of Muslim travellers. In the context of Halal food, it has always been an obstacle for travellers to gain satisfaction due to the limited number of Halal Certified restaurants (HCR). Other restaurants without Halal certification but also serving Halal food become alternative options for them. This type of restaurant is known as Muslim Friendly Restaurants (MFR), for example, restaurants that serve seafood and vegetarian only. Hence, this present study sought to investigate the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) as a factor influencing the intention of Malaysian Muslim travellers to patronize these two types of restaurants in South Korea. The second objective was to examine the attributes of the restaurant as a moderating variable to the intention to patronize the restaurants. The last objective was to compare the intention to patronize with the demographic background of respondents. A quantitative study through online questionnaire distribution was employed and 310 responses were managed to be collected. However, only 292 data were further analysed using SPSS 26 and SmartPLS 3.2.8. The results revealed that all the key components in TPB namely attitude, subjective norms and perceived behavioral control were significantly and positively related to the intention to patronize HCR and MFR with p < .05. However, religiosity was found to be an insignificant additional predictor and restaurant attributes as a moderating variable also did not show significant impacts to strengthen or lessen the direct relationships. Moreover, only marital status, education level and monthly income of respondents were found to have a significant relationship with intention. Theoretically, the results demonstrated that TPB is indeed a robust theory to be applied in studies related to Halal food regardless of its geographical location. Specifically, this study enriched the literature by incorporating TPB into the intention to patronize two types of restaurants.

Self-medication in Indonesia has recently increased; consumers can easily purchase non-prescription drugs, and many people use over-the-counter (OTC) medicines as an alternative for self-medication. However, Muslim customers have difficulty ensuring that their OTC medicines are halal. In Indonesia, the lack of a halal logo on OTC medicines is due to the producers’ lack of awareness. This may raise doubt given that approximately 95% of the pharmaceutical raw materials are imported from non-Muslim countries. Although there is growing literature on halal pharmaceuticals, unfortunately, the focus on OTC is limited. To fill this gap, factors that influence the intention to purchase halal-certified OTC medicines are investigated. This study which was conducted in Bekasi, Indonesia, examined the factors that influenced Muslim consumers’ purchase intentions for halal-certified OTC medicines. About 325 Muslim consumers in Bekasi, Indonesia, participated in this study. The information was gathered using questionnaires with convenient sampling techniques. This study employs the theory of consumption value, which consists of the factors of functional value (price), functional value (quality), social value (pharmacist advice), emotional value (halal logo), conditional value, and epistemic value of respondents’ intentions to purchase halal-certified OTC medicines. According to the findings of this study, three factors: functional value (quality), emotional value (halal logo), and epistemic value, have a significant relationship with the purchase intention of halal-certified OTC medicines in Bekasi, Indonesia. The results also found that Muslim customers in Bekasi have a high level of trust in pharmacists’ advice. Furthermore, selected demographics such as education level and occupation type are significantly different towards the purchase intention of halal-certified OTC medicines. Significant research has been done for halal food certification, but fewer studies have been conducted on halal OTC medicine certification. More research is needed to rationalise the reasons behind the reluctancy of OTC brand owners in Indonesia to apply for halal certification and what can be done to enable more OTC products to be halal certified. Therefore, a qualitative and quantitative survey for halal-certified medicines should be performed to explore why certain brand owners of OTC medicines may not want to continue with a halal certification even though their products met the criteria and had received a registration number from Indonesia Food and Drug Administration [Badan Pengawasan Obat dan Makanan (BPOM)].

The development of halal industries has created more business opportunities for entrepreneurs. Although there is growing literature in Halal management and consumerism, empirical studies that focus on both bakery ingredients and online entrepreneurs are limited. To fill this gap, factors that influence intention to use halal-certified bakery ingredients among online entrepreneurs are investigated. A quantitative method was used in this study. The data were obtained from 165 online Muslim entrepreneurs in Malaysia by using convenience sampling. The adopted questionnaire was used as a re-search instrument, grounded by the Theory of planned behaviour (TPB). In this study, the TPB model was extended by including additional components to measure self-identity, moral obligation, and barriers. Descriptive analysis and exploratory factor analysis were conducted through a statistical package for social sciences (SPSS). Partial least squares (PLS), a variance-based structural equation modelling method was adopted to test the hypotheses. The results obtained based on the path analysis showed that attitude and subjective norm of the entrepreneurs both are statistically significant in influencing intention to use halal-certified bakery ingredients. In contrast, perceived behavior control, self-identity, and moral obligations of entrepreneurs had no significant influence on intention to use halal-certified bakery ingredients. Thus, to improve intention and usage behaviour, intervention should be made on the attitude and subjective norm of respondents. In addition, to complement the study on determinants of intention to use halal-certified bakery ingredients, this study also assesses whether an intention to use halal-certified bakery ingredients is different de-pending on the demographics of the online Muslim entrepreneurs. Using one-way ANOVA, results showed that there were no significant differences in the intention of using halal-certified bakery ingredients among entrepreneurs with different gender, ages, education levels, residency and income. There were also no significant differences in intention among those who sold different bakery products, and how long they have been selling their bakery products. Limitations, theoretical and practical implications of the study are also discussed.

The Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH) has established the Traditional and Complementary Medicines Division (TCM) in February 2004. The Ministry has recognised Ḥijamah therapy as one of the traditional and complementary medicines practices under this division. Under TCM Act 2016, the MOH is the only authority to govern the policy and impose the ethical practice guidelines on Ḥijamah practitioners in providing safe and clinically proven services as the best. Ḥijamah is expected to be one of the drivers in the global Halal treatment industry in Malaysia. This research explores how Ḥijamah practitioners respond and adapt to the latest policy from the TCM Division by MOH. This study uses semi-structured interviews in order to collect the data. The informal interviews with the Ḥijamah practitioners will question Ḥijamah issues and the practitioners’ awareness and acknowledgement of the existence and importance of the TCM rules and guidelines. This data collection provides the basis for future study on the perception and expectations of Ḥijamah service delivery in the rapidly growing Muslim-friendly medical care sector. On the whole, this thesis act as an effort for the revival of the Prophetic Medicine and importance for the practitioners to adhere to these guidelines for ensuring that the Maqaṣid al-Shar'iah, which protect a patient’s life, intellect and property, are safeguarded. All of this is in accordance with the basic purpose of a Muslim’s life: to obtain Allah SWT’s blessings in all circumstances. Practising Ḥijamah for a living is one kind of worship to Allah, which has to be undergone in a way that Allah SWT blesses.